Postmodern Art Essay - 1770 Words

Postmodern art decided to make revolutionary break with past and questioned previous theories known as â€Å"big narratives† of art, politics, economics and overall culture in order to create new theories. The big part of postmodern theory deals with the belief of preexistence of the art all around us. The artist is the one who can recognize these elements of art around as and synthesize them into the art work. This art work becomes object of interpretation which inevitably varies among different generations, social groups, national group, religious groups, and depends on some extent of the educational level of the observers and it is also different in the same individual in different times or environments. The different interpretations of†¦show more content†¦In another words Borges through his character, Pierre Menard, primarily examined the terms of the originality, inspiration, and innovation in the art. Borges argues for strong mutual connections between the written work (art work) and the reader (observer) and written work (art) and the creator. He created his fictional world in which he unfolded the story encompassing his philosophy of art, self examined it from different angles without a fear of overestimating values of his own work because he is just objectively praising Pierre Menard’s artistic product. In the story Pierre Menard presents two options how he could write his Quixote. The first option is that he, Pierre Menard, will become Cervantes, in that way that he will learn to speak 17th century Spanish, he will learn the history and examine the circumstances that were surrounding Cervantes while he was writing his Quixote. Of course, this option is denied as impossible (ironically, Borges says it too easy.) The second option, for Menard, is to write his own, Quixote; The Quixote that will, in its appearance, resemble the â€Å"original† work, but in its core will be completely different piece. Menard will beco me different Cervantes, do it through his own experience and knowledge. In this way, he will not only distinguish his â€Å"The Quixote† from the â€Å"Don Quixote,† but Menard still will stay himself. Menard intended to create The Quixote by his own means (talent, brain power, experience) so that it would beShow MoreRelatedThe Journey Of Postmodern Art1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Journey to Postmodern Art The field of visual art is extremely broad, therefore art historians have been attempting to categorize it based on style, time of creation, and subject matter for centuries. Much like any other sociological aspect of life, the culture and time period in which it was made has a great impact on the artist which directly influences their art. Though art is and always has been a way for someone to express themselves, limitations from certain parties took some of that experienceRead MorePostmodern Art and Artificial Environment Essay640 Words   |  3 Pagesformal qualities tied to this aesthetic .The goal of art in the post-modern standard is no longer predominantly behavioral, as it still was in the modern, but perceptive. The post-modern is the art of the artificial environment. Artists favored the readymade object as more powerful than the supposedly new crafted objects produced by Modernist artists. By willingly allowing the practice of appropriation that occurs within the producti on of all art, these artists pulled the power of pre-existing imageryRead MoreRenaissance Art And The Postmodern Frame1245 Words   |  5 PagesArt throughout history have challenged the values and attitudes of their contemporary society. With a focus on the postmodern frame, Artists have used and changed art conventions such as the Salon des Refusà ©s and using the world as a source of ideas to create artworks. These artists include Leonardo Da Vinci from the Renaissance movement and Claude Monet from the Impressionism movement. The artist Chiharu Shiota and Lee Bul have also used the art convention Biennale and the world agent to createRead MorePostmodern Art And Its Impact On Modern Society2133 Words   |  9 PagesPostmodern art is typically anti-establishment and rebellious, the beginning of postmodern art can be found in the late 1950’s-1960’s although the term was first used around 1970. The movement differed from previous movements as it deliberately went ag ainst the rules, artists used many different disciplines within one piece of work. A core value of postmodern art is that it is for everyone and tries to be a connection between art and everyday life. Modernism triggered post-modernism, modernismRead MorePostmodern Art in Andy Warhol ´s Silvier Liz as Cleopatra1194 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of art had made it’s mark in history for being an influential and unique representation of various cultures and religions as well as playing a fundamental role in society. However, with the new era of postmodernism, art slowly deviated away from both the religious context it was originally created in, and apart from serving as a ritual function. Walter Benjamin, a German literary critic and philosopher during the 1900’s, strongly believed that the mass production of pieces has freed art from theRead MoreChoose Three (3) Works of Art from Three Artists from the Baroque Period Through the Postmodern Era.769 Words   |  4 Pagesworks of art from three artists from the Baroque period through the Postmodern era. Your three (3) works of art should come from the time periods or art movements covered in the reading from Unit 4 and Unit 5. Your choices must comply with the following criteria: †¢The 3 artworks chosen must be of the same style or time period. For example, you can choose one of the following suggestions: ââ€" ¦3 Baroque works of art, or ââ€" ¦3 Impressionist works of art, or ââ€" ¦3 Abstract Expressionist works of art, etc.Read MoreArt From Baroque Period Through The Postmodern Era Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesArt from Baroque Period through the Postmodern Era Renaissance art history began as civic history; it was an expression of civic pride. The first such history was Filippo Villanis De origine civitatis Florentiae et eiusdem famosis civibus, written about 1381-82. Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. The revival was begun by Cimabue and completed by Giotto, who equalled the ancient paintersRead MoreEssay on Art from Baroque Period Through the Postmodern Era1486 Words   |  6 PagesArt from Baroque Period through the Postmodern Era Renaissance art history began as civic history; it was an expression of civic pride. The first such history was Filippo Villanis De origine civitatis Florentiae et eiusdem famosis civibus, written about 1381-82. Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. The revival was begun by Cimabue and completed by Giotto, who equalled the ancient paintersRead MoreModernism : Modernism And Modernism901 Words   |  4 Pages1. Art has evolved over the last century moving from Modernism to Postmodernism. Modernism s birth is somewhat controversial but our text puts it at 1910. Paul Cezanne, who was closely tied with Cubism, has been credited as one of the fathers of Modernism. A lot was changing during this period which produced a slew of new styles such as, Post Impressionism, Symbolism, and Surrealism to name a few. Modernism thrived from the early 20th century until the period denoted by World War II at whichRead MoreThe Movement Of Protest Movement Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesHistorians nostalgically described the sixties as a counterculture and revolution in social norms, such as: art, sexuality, formalities, and philosophy. The decade was also called the Swinging Sixties because the relaxation of social taboos relating to sexism. Challenging the idea that a good citizen conforms to gender norms and heterosexuality. b. One can blatantly observe this in the art of the time; especially when referring to feminism in dance. i. Examples relating to modern dance. c. Thesis:

Trifles Woman and Mrs. Wright Essay - 959 Words

Question 3, (p. 1135): What are the â€Å"trifles† that the men ignore and the two women notice? Why do the men dismiss them, and why do the women see these things as significant clues? What is the thematic importance of these â€Å"trifles†? The narrator sets the scene; the cold kitchen of the farmhouse the day after John Wright was found murdered in his own bed with a rope around his neck. Nothing has been touched except a fire has been started on the stove to warm the place a bit for when the sheriff and the county attorney would arrive to access the situation and look for a motive. Mrs. Wright who had been found the morning before just rocking back and forth in the kitchen rocker and pleating her apron that lay on her lap, over and over†¦show more content†¦Wright’s defense, the men all head upstairs to go over the crime scene to search for clues. The women; Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters knew they were in the center of all the clues. â€Å"Women are use d to worrying over trifles† Mr. Hale said, and because of that, the women uncovered all the clues that would lead to motive and the men would remain clueless. As for the messy kitchen that the attorney did notice but just chalked up to Mrs. Wright not being a good house wife, the ladies noticed that she was in fact in the middle of cleaning up. That half the table was wiped clean and the other half left as if she were interrupted. They also noticed that the towel that the attorney thought to be just thrown across the room was in fact covering a loaf of fresh bread that was to later be put in the bread box. They also knew that the dirty towel roller was probably that dirty from the man they sent to start the fire in the stove that morning so that the house would be warm by the time they arrived. The ladies were to gather some things to take to Mrs. Wright to the jail. They found her sewing basket under the corner table and were admiring the bright pieces and the log cabin patte rn. They wondered if she was going to quilt it or knott it. The men thought this was funny and made fun of them. Unbeknownst to them that the ladies had just found what could be the evidence of Mrs. Wrights’ frame of mind. The ladies noticed that most of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell846 Words   |  4 Pagesplay â€Å"Trifles† by author Susan Glaspell, shows the feminist content and the failures of marriages. Mr. and Mrs. Wright had been married for a long time. They don’t have a family and live in a place that’s very solitary aside from any other houses. An investigation occurred to find the strange death of Mr. Wright and to discovered evidence if Mrs. Wright killed him. Thus, the play consists of five characters, an attorney, sheriff and his wife, and a neighbor couple that knew Mrs. and Mrs. WrightRead MoreTrifles981 Words   |  4 PagesReview of â€Å"Trifles† Susan Glaspell play, â€Å"Trifles†, revolves around Mrs. Wright, a woman who seeks revenge on her husband for oppressing her through their years of marriage. During the time of Glaspell’s play, early 1900’s, men are the dominant figures in society and women are expected to cook, clean, raise children and care for their husbands. Glaspell’s play, â€Å"Trifles†, main goal is portraying a theme of women being oppressed through marriage by the use of symbolism through a canary and a birdRead MoreChanging The World : One Play At A Time1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand consisted of the man working and supporting the family, and the woman taking care of the home and the family. Women had very little voice in that time and were often treated with little respect due to the cultural norm that men were superior. Two historically influential plays that were written during the birth of feminism are quintessential to the rise of free expression among women. A Do ll House by Henrik Ibsen, and Trifles by Susan Glaspell both explore the unjust role of women in society,Read MoreThe Deception of Trifles: Gender Roles in the Play by Glaspell1550 Words   |  7 Pagesmen carried out in earlier years. In the 19th Century, men stereotyped women to be insignificant, not think with their minds about issues outside of the kitchen or home. In the play Trifles, written by Susan Glaspell, the writer portrays how women in earlier years have no rights and men treat women like dirt. Trifles is based on real life events of a murder that Susan Glaspell covered during her work as a newspaper reporter in Des Moines and the play is based off of Susan Glaspell’s earlier writingRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 Pageswomen. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. Gender issues play a role in everyday society, oppressing women eco nomically, politically, socially, and psychologically. Glaspell tries to even explain through the title the feminism analyst as you read through her drama. As common as it is for a title of a story reflects the moral of the story, that’s what Gaspell did for â€Å"Trifles†. Trifles meaning very little value, or irrelevantRead MoreTrifles And The Women Who Worry Over Them1037 Words   |  5 PagesTrifles and the Women Who Worry Over Them At the start of Susan Glaspell’s dark drama â€Å"Trifles† we are introduced to the characters as they all arrive at an abandoned farmhouse previously owned by the recently murdered Mr. John Wright and his killer, and wife, Mrs. Wright. The men’s dominance over the situation and the women is clear from the initial understanding of their individual roles. The men all seem to have important tasks to perform. The sheriff and the county attorney are investigatingRead MoreConflict Between Men And Women918 Words   |  4 PagesConflict between men and women Trifles is a short story that Susan Glaspell wrote about between men and women. It s specifically targeting the way men attitudes were towards women. Trifles talks about a murder that is unsolved, a country woman suspected of killing her husband in an isolated farm. Men in this short story worry more about looking for big evidence and judging about Mrs. Wright s messy kitchen instead of looking in her stuff for evidence. The men think that in the kitchen thereRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Susan Glaspell968 Words   |  4 Pagesby Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell are two pieces of fictional literature that exhibit the roles of women in a marriage during the period. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the reader reads about a woman who has been in a room for the summer to cure her sickness of nervous depression by her husband who is a physician. The play â€Å"trifles† takes place in a farmhouse where the police are investigating the murder of Mr. Wright whose body was discovered when a friendRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Susan Glaspells Trifles1788 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspells Trifles A trifle is something that has little value or importance, and there are many seeming trifles in Susan Glaspells one-act play Trifles. The irony is that these trifles carry more weight and significance than first seems to be the case. Just as Glaspells play ultimately reveals a sympathetic nature in Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, the evidence that the men investigators fail to observe, because they are blind to the things that have importance to a woman, reveals the identityRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1529 Words   |  7 Pageswith life today and the 1900s the play Trifles analyzes and shows different views of the rights of women through the title as well as the characters. To begin with, the title Trifles, if defined would give readers the idea that the play will discuss something or someone who has very little value. Being that the term trifle means a little thing of value or importance. The term trifle meant many things in this play. The duties women had were considered trifle because to many they are very insignificant

Corporate Governance Evidence from Private Equity

Question: Discuss about the Report for Corporate Governance of Evidence from Private Equity. Answer: Part 1 - To: Chairman of the Board From: Mr. XXX (Corporate Governance Consultant) Date: 8th August 2016 Re: Roles and Responsibilities of CEO v. Roles and Responsibilities of a Director Sir, This is to bring to your attention that, financial crisis is a way of bringing corporate governance to the forefront. It has been noted currently that many issues take place within an organisation due to lack of defined roles, responsibilities and duties of the companys director as against the duties of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). According to the Australian Financial Review, it was reported on 14th April, 2016 that many arguments have taken place between the directors and the CEOs due to the lack of their defined roles and responsibilities in the organisation. This report draws attention to the need of separation of powers between the duties of CEO and the duties of the directors. Additionally, this report includes specific recommendations on the separate roles of directors and the CEO. Report: Duties of Directors: A director is the most influential person in the company. Despite of the influence and charisma that is associated with their personality, they are still restricted by rules and regulations in the given organisation (Harford, Mansi and Maxwell 2012). In Australia, the duties of the director are laid in the Corporations Act. As a director, one has the duty to use their powers with care and diligence that is expected from any other reasonable man (Tricker 2015). A director should exercise his powers and duties in good faith and in the best interest of the company. Thus, it is expected from a director to act in the best interest of the organisation. Additionally, the director should not trade while the company is declared insolvent (McCahery, Sautner and Starks 2016). An insolvent company is the one who is unable to pay the debts of the company when they are due. It is a legal offence, if the director is found trading while the company is declared insolvent. Thus, one may conclude that the director of a company is the one who makes the organisation work and has the duty to keep the records of the company. In short, we may consider him as the backbone of the company (Acharya et al. 2013). Duties of CEO: A CEO is the top executive having the responsibility for the management and operations of business. The CEO is the one who has the duty to oversee the working and functioning of all the department and divisions in the company (Erkens, Hung and Matos 2012). The CEO has a wider and broader set of duties and role within an organisation such as setting up of annual budget, goals and targets of the organisation and the goals of the management. The CEO serves the board of directors, allowing them to create strategies that support the Board (Westphal and Zajac 2013). For example, if the Board sets the goal of paying dividends, the CEO will reserve the cash of the company rather than than buying assets or paying debts. In a non-profit organisation if the board sets the revenue goal, the CEO will focus on the development of fund raising goals. Board v. CEO The board of directors have the legal responsibility of ensuring that a business meets its aims and objectives. They are guided and restricted by laws that are imposed on them; they cannot act beyond the defined laws (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). The rules that impose a prohibition on the Board narrow their scope of using dictatorship on the broad goals of the organisation. Board members serve many positions at the same time, depending on whether they work for a profit or non-profit organisation or with the vice chair of the company. If a meeting is conducted and the CEO sits on the Board, then he shall be subordinate to the chairperson of the Board (Nini, Smith and Sufi 2012). The Board has the authority to hire, terminate or direct its CEO. At many non-profit organisations, directors who are appointed for a short-term period do not take many responsibilities, allowing the CEO to make most of the day-to-day decisions of the management, including firing, hiring and purchasing (Hermalin and Weisbach 2012). The Board carefully reviews the work of the CEO and takes pre approval on major initiatives on a quarterly or monthly basis. Hence, it may be said that it is the Board that has the ultimate authority of all the decisions that is taken in the organisation. The board has the authority to over ride all the decisions of the CEO. The CEO does not have the authority to refute the request of the Board unless the Board violates any legal provision (Liu and McConnell 2013). In smaller organisations, the Board has the authority to give their final signature over bills and cheques, while in the bigger organisations the CEO can give their final signature and enter into contracts. Hence, it may be said that the CEO has the ultimate responsibility of the organisation when it comes to management of the assets of the company. The CEO can sign the tax return if the treasury of the corporation is not present (Liu, McConnell, and Xu 2015). Recommendations and Conclusion: Relying on the factors that is mentioned earlier, one may conclude that there is lack of clarity between the roles and responsibilities of a director and the CEO. There is no seemingly difference between their duties and roles and this becomes the reason of disparity between the two. Since the directors of the company have legal onus on them, they should have defined roles that clearly state their legal obligations. The working of a company can be divided into the following sub categories such as: Executive; Financial; Managerial; and Legal The financial and the executive working of the company can be managed by the CEO, whereas, the managerial and the legal working of the company can be managed by the Board of Directors. It has been already stated that the CEO is subordinate to the directors of the company; hence, it is advisable to have a set of defined situations in which the CEO shall be considered subordinate to the directors. If there is any exception to these rules, the exceptions should also be clearly indicated. Conclusively, it may be said that with the growing differences between the directors and the CEO, it is important to separate their role from each other. The theory of separation of powers is advisable to the organisation as this would increase the existing disparity between them making the functioning any organisation, almost impossible. Part 2 To: Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) From: Corporate Governance Consultant (XXX Company) Date: 8th August 2016 Re: Need for Good Corporate Governance in Investment Report: Introduction: Corporate Governance is the system according to which business and corporations are controlled and directed. Corporate Governance specifies the division of rights and duties among the participants in an organisation based on the framework of corporate governance (Chen, Lu and Sougiannis 2012). An element of corporate governance is important for a successful outcome at all stages in the process of investment. Moreover, it also involves balancing the interest of the stakeholders, managers, financiers, customers, government and the community (Aebi, Sabato and Schmid 2012). This report evaluates the need for good corporate governance and the influence it has with high investor returns. Additionally, it contains a section wherein recommendations are provided so that companies with good corporate governance practices can align these to maximize their investor returns. Investment Process: In a literal sense, investment means money committed or property acquired for future income. The process of investment is divided into three stages: Mobilise available capital; Allocation of capital amongst the ends; and Monitor the use of the capital that is invested (Khan, Muttakin, and Siddiqui 2013). The above-mentioned process is the key functions of the any financial system. From the perspective of market economy, individual investors carry out the process of investment and the ultimate outcome will depend on their personal incentives and skills (Brammer and Pavelin 2013). However, the result will also depend on the organisational framework of regulations, laws and business policies that formulate and influence the associations between corporations and equity investors. The organisational framework is often termed as corporate governance. Link between good corporate structure and high investor returns: One of the most important relationships in market life is the positive association between economic growth and investment. By mixing the factor of quality and quantity of human skills and fixed capital, economies of the world have for more than a century had undergone an unprecedented increase in per capita income. This development has made it feasible to improve the quality of economic life for all the citizens (Jo and Harjoto 2012). The foundation of an investment process is the organisation and the search of efficient ways to mix the different resources available that are needed to produce those services and goods to meet the demand of the market. From the perspective of corporate governance and investment, it is important to focus on the discussion on the ability of the economy to match viable projects that are available commercially along with the financial resources that are needed to change the ideas into profitable enterprise (Armstrong et al. 2015). It is, however, important to note that capital is one among many other inputs that is needed to build a competitive economy. Managerial talent and skilled labour are are also vital for growth of investor returns. This is particularly true for equity financing that permits organisations to increase their exposure to risks that are associated with short or long-term organisations such as business restructuring, research activities and market expansion (Acharya e t al. 2013). However, it is not only about the amount of capital that is available in abundance but also about the economic welfare through formation of capital and this can be achieved only a good corporate governance structure. A regularised framework of good corporate governance structure has become very important for creation of wealth globally. Equally essential is the effectiveness with which allocation is made to alternative investment opportunities and how well the organisations utilisation of investment opportunities is monitored (Tricker 2015). If savings from household and corporate funds do not reach the best possible use, society will give up opportunities that lead to generation of additional income. In such a situation, entrepreneurs will not find proper funding for their projects and existing undertakings will not be able to expand their workings. The organisations that have the potential to yield profitable innovations will never be able to advertise. Additionally, re structuring of companies will also be impaired and assets will be locked due to underperforming activities (Westphal and Zajac 2013). Recommendations: A good corporate governance structure enables enforcement of provisions for protection of property and secure methods of registration and enables legal redress that will help in the mobilisation of capital. This framework is followed in the first step of investment. In the second process of investment, it is important to have a transparent and reliable account of corporate affairs. This shall allow the organisation to make informed decisions about the allocation of capital. At the third stage of investment process, proper procedures for internal corporate decision-making, the distribution of powers in the organisation, and proper incentive schemes are important factors for implementing effective corporate governance schemes. Conclusion: From the perspective of economic policy, one may conclude that the growing importance of good corporate governance structure does far beyond the interests of shareholders in a company. A weak corporate governance structure will impede the stages of investment and hence this will affect the overall economy of the world. Poor corporate governance will damage the capability to mobilise savings and this will affect proper allocation of resources amongst investors. Additionally, this will also prevent proper monitoring of corporate assets. Hence, it is advisable for the organisations to adopt a good corporate governance structure so that it leads to better investor returns. References: Acharya, V.V., Gottschalg, O.F., Hahn, M. and Kehoe, C., 2013. Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.Review of Financial Studies,26(2), pp.368-402. Aebi, V., Sabato, G. and Schmid, M., 2012. Risk management, corporate governance, and bank performance in the financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,36(12), pp.3213-3226. Armstrong, C.S., Blouin, J.L., Jagolinzer, A.D. and Larcker, D.F., 2015. Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), pp.1-17. Brammer, S. and Pavelin, S., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. Chen, C.X., Lu, H. and Sougiannis, T., 2012. The agency problem, corporate governance, and the asymmetrical behavior of selling, general, and administrative costs.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(1), pp.252-282. Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, pp.1-33. Erkens, D.H., Hung, M. and Matos, P., 2012. Corporate governance in the 20072008 financial crisis: Evidence from financial institutions worldwide.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(2), pp.389-411. Harford, J., Mansi, S.A. and Maxwell, W.F., 2012. Corporate governance and firm cash holdings in the US. InCorporate Governance(pp. 107-138). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hermalin, B.E. and Weisbach, M.S., 2012. Information disclosure and corporate governance.The Journal of Finance,67(1), pp.195-233. Jo, H. and Harjoto, M.A., 2012. The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), pp.53-72. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Liu, B. and McConnell, J.J., 2013. The role of the media in corporate governance: Do the media influence managers' capital allocation decisions?.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), pp.1-17. Liu, B., McConnell, J.J. and Xu, W., 2015. The Power of the Pen Reconsidered: The Media, CEO Human Capital, and Corporate Governance.CEO Human Capital, and Corporate Governance (January 6, 2015). McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance. Nini, G., Smith, D.C. and Sufi, A., 2012. Creditor control rights, corporate governance, and firm value.Review of Financial Studies,25(6), pp.1713-1761. Tricker, B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Westphal, J.D. and Zajac, E.J., 2013. A behavioral theory of corporate governance: Explicating the mechanisms of socially situated and socially constituted agency.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.607-661.

Policies to Minimize Negative Externalities

Table of Contents Introduction Objectives Conclusion References Introduction Production and consumption of goods and services contributes in different ways to the economy resulting to either economic growth or recession. According to Channon (1999), externalities involve the production and consumption of some products and services that give rise to harmful or beneficial effects to the user. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policies to Minimize Negative Externalities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hirschey (2008) believes that exposure of employees to harsh working environment with unsatisfactory compensation can also be termed as negative externality. Externalities are types of market failures that exist when prices in a market do not reflect the true costs or benefits associated with consumption and production. Objectives The objective of this paper is to analyze ways of minimizing negative externalities s uch as emissions. This because of the complex definition of property rights in law. For instance, an industry could pollute the environment but will not bear the cost of the harmful effect, but it will pass its cost of cleaning to the community. Government intervention strategies can be used to reduce the impact of gas emission. The government can work with the community through regulating and influence decision-making by policy formulation and implementation of laws, like mandatory inspection of emission gases. Policies on bans on goods and services that lead to harmful effects on the environment should be enacted and backed by legal measures for lawbreakers. The government can also provide emission permits that enable the concerned party to emit a specified level of gas for a certain period. The government can impose taxes on products that pollute the environment. Secondly, the government can come up with public awareness policy in which it will stipulate measures of making the p ublic aware of the importance of reduced emissions and environmental conservation. Information is power and the moment consumers are aware of the benefits of environmental conservation, they will always act in favor of the environment and on the side that will benefit them as a community. Government intervention strategies are more economical, efficient and the implementation process is less demanding. The government has the power and machinery to implement every policy. What is required is the political will and all will be done (Nordhaus, 1991). When emission of gas is reduced, the rate of global warming is reduced. Less emission of gas preserves the environment and it reduces environmental degradation by toxic waste. The health of the community is improved as air pollution related deaths are minimized. Advertising Looking for essay on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transaction Costs will be incurred thro ugh monitoring, enforcing, and negotiation of marketing activities. The government and the community would incur financial costs. Other costs incurred include sacrifices in terms of time and other resources used in environmental conservation through reduced emissions. Nordhaus (1991) believes that any level of gas emission (high or low) leaves the society worse off in terms of high costs of production accompanied by environmental damages. The level of negative externality should always be lower than positive externalities. Therefore, the cost benefit analysis should leave all stakeholders better off with more benefits than costs. Conclusion Appropriate environmental policies such as taxation and ban on harmful product manufacture can help reduce emissions of gases and negative effects to the environment. In addition, instead of focusing only on policies that reduce emission of gases, the state needs to put more emphasis on ways and mechanisms to cope and adapt to global warming. Re ferences Channon, F.D. (1999). The Blackwell encyclopedic dictionary of strategic management. Oxford. Wiley Blackwell Inc. Hirschey, M. (2008). Management economics. 12 Edn. Ohio, OH: Cengage Learning. Nordhaus, D.W. (1991). To slow or not to slow: The economics of the greenhouse effect. The Economic Journal, 101(407), 1-10. This essay on Policies to Minimize Negative Externalities was written and submitted by user P1erre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Demetrios G. Glinos Essay Example

Demetrios G. Glinos Essay Example Demetrios G. Glinos Paper Demetrios G. Glinos Paper Essay Topic: Orlando Demetrios G. Glinos is a visiting lecturer in Computer Science and Information Technology at Computer Science Department of the University of Central Florida. Here he is teaching such courses as Natural Language Understanding, Artificial Intelligence, Introduction to Discrete Structures, Evolutionary Computation, Numerical Calculus, Security in Computing, Computer Fundamentals for Business, and others. His research interests include artificial intelligence, natural language processing, question answering systems, secure computing, text mining, and plagiarism detection. Mr. Glinos received his B.S. in Physics and Mathematics from the Trinity College, Connecticut in 1973 (with Honors in Mathematics). He received his J.D. in Law from the Georgetown University 1976. Later, in 1999 he received his M.S, and in 2006 – his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Central Florida. He worked as a Staff Engineer at Martin Marietta Aerospace in Denver and Orlando (1980 to 1989), where he served as Technical Lead for the Simulation and Computer Modeling Group and was the principal designer and team leader for some large-scale constructive simulation modeling efforts. Demetrios G. Glinos performed software and systems engineering requirements analyses, design studies, and supported numerous proposal efforts in both Denver and Orlando. He also maintained private offices in downtown Orlando, Florida, practicing in the areas of commercial real estate, estate planning, and probate and estate administration. He managed all aspects of a solo law practice, including advising clients, court appearances, drafting pleadings and documents, and timekeeping and accounting. Mr. Glinos worked as an Sr. Research Scientist at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1999 to 2011, where he served in some technical and project management roles. Demetrios G. Glinos is a founder and chief scientist for Advanced Text Analytics, a company, offering text analytics consulting services and solutions. Professor Glinos also worked as an Adjunct Instructor of Computer Science classes at Valencia College and as a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of Stetson University.

Definition and Examples of Language Death

Definition and Examples of Language Death Language death is a  linguistic term for the end or extinction of a language. Also called language extinction. Language Extinction Distinctions are commonly drawn between an endangered language (one with few or no children learning the language) and an extinct language (one in which the last native speaker has died).   A Language Dies Every Two Weeks Linguist David Crystal has estimated that one language [is] dying out somewhere in the world, on average, every two weeks (By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English, 2008). Language Death Every 14 days a language dies. By 2100, more than half of the more than 7,000 languages spoken on Earthmany of them not yet recordedmay disappear, taking with them a wealth of knowledge about history, culture, the natural environment, and the human brain. (National Geographic Society, Enduring Voices Project)I am always sorry when any language is lost, because languages are the pedigree of nations. (Samuel Johnson, quoted by James Boswell in The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, 1785)Language death occurs in unstable bilingual or multilingual speech communities as a result of language shift from a regressive minority language to a dominant majority language. (Wolfgang Dressler, Language Death. 1988)Aboriginal Australia holds some of the worlds most endangered languages including Amurdag, which was believed to be extinct until a few years ago when linguists came across speaker Charlie Mangulda living in the Northern Territory.(Holly Bentley, Mind Your Language. The Guardian, Aug. 13, 2010) The Effects of a Dominant Language A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it any more. It may continue to have existence in recorded form, of coursetraditionally in writing, more recently as part of a sound or video archive (and it does in a sense live on in this way)but unless it has fluent speakers one would not talk of it as a living language. . . .The effects of a dominant language vary markedly in different parts of the world, as do attitudes towards it. In Australia, the presence of English has, directly or indirectly, caused great linguistic devastation, with 90% of languages moribund. But English is not the language which is dominant throughout Latin America: if languages are dying there, it is not through any fault of English. Moreover, the presence of a dominant language does not automatically result in a 90% extinction rate. Russian has long been dominant in the countries of the former USSR, but there the total destruction of local languages has been estimated to be only (sic) 50%.(David Crystal, Language Death. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Aesthetic Loss The main loss when a language dies is not cultural but aesthetic. The click sounds in certain African languages are magnificent to hear. In many Amazonian languages, when you say something you have to specify, with a suffix, where you got the information. The Ket language of Siberia is so awesomely irregular as to seem a work of art.But let’s remember that this aesthetic delight is mainly savored by the outside observer, often a professional savorer like myself. Professional linguists or anthropologists are part of a distinct human minority. . . .At the end of the day, language death is, ironically, a symptom of people coming together. Globalization means hitherto isolated peoples migrating and sharing space. For them to do so and still maintain distinct languages across generations happens only amidst unusually tenacious self-isolationsuch as that of the Amishor brutal segregation. (Jews did not speak Yiddish in order to revel in their diversity but because they lived in an a partheid society.)(John McWhorter, The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English. World Affairs Journal, Fall 2009) Steps to Preserve a Language [T]he best non-linguists can do, in North-America, towards preserving languages, dialects, vocabularies and the like is, among other possible actions, (French linguist Claude Hagà ¨ge, author of On the Death and Life of Languages, in Q and A: The Death of Languages. The New York Times, Dec. 16, 2009) Participating in associations which, in the US and Canada, work to obtain from local and national governments a recognition of the importance of Indian languages (prosecuted and led to quasi-extinction during the XIXth century) and cultures, such as those of the Algonquian, Athabaskan, Haida, Na-Dene, Nootkan, Penutian, Salishan, Tlingit communities, to name just a few;Participating in funding the creation of schools and the appointment and payment of competent teachers;Participating in the training of linguists and ethnologists belonging to Indian tribes, in order to foster the publication of grammars and dictionaries, which should also be financially helped;Acting in order to introduce the knowledge of Indian cultures as one of the important topics in American and Canadian TV and radio programs. An Endangered Language in Tabasco The language of Ayapaneco has been spoken in the land now known as Mexico for centuries. It has survived the Spanish conquest, seen off wars, revolutions, famines and floods. But now, like so many other indigenous languages, its at risk of extinction.There are just two people left who can speak it fluentlybut they refuse to talk to each other. Manuel Segovia, 75, and Isidro Velazquez, 69, live 500 metres apart in the village of Ayapa in the tropical lowlands of the southern state of Tabasco. It is not clear whether there is a long-buried argument behind their mutual avoidance, but people who know them say they have never really enjoyed each others company.They dont have a lot in common, says Daniel Suslak, a linguistic anthropologist from Indiana University, who is involved with a project to produce a dictionary of Ayapaneco. Segovia, he says, can be a little prickly and Velazquez, who is more stoic, rarely likes to leave his home.The dictionary is part of a race against time to revi talize the language before it is definitively too late. When I was a boy everybody spoke it, Segovia told the Guardian by phone. Its disappeared little by little, and now I suppose it might die with me. (Jo Tuckman, Language at Risk of Dying OutLast Two Speakers Arent Talking. The Guardian, April 13, 2011) Those linguists racing to save dying languagesurging villagers to raise their children in the small and threatened language rather than the bigger national languageface criticism that they are unintentionally helping keep people impoverished by encouraging them to stay in a small-language ghetto. (Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011)

Multiculturalism and cultural policy in Scandinavia Essay

Multiculturalism and cultural policy in Scandinavia - Essay Example As a prescriptive phenomenon, it refers to settlement policy that works towards promoting the perspective of institutionalizing cultural diversity. This paper expounds on this concept of multiculturalism and cultural diversity, with Sweden being a case study (CRAFT, 2011). Sweden has a reputation of having the most immigration policies in Europe. Behind such an image, their lies a more complicated reality. The current transformations are turning the explicit commitments regarding multiculturalism towards a cultural suppression that tends to conceal the power structure underlying ethnic, gender, racial, and the class inequalities (TCHIBOZO, 2013). As compared with Britain, and many other European nations, some of the multiculturalism paradoxes have been largely examined. This was established through critical reassessment of the dominant institutional, academic, and political discourses (TCHIBOZO, 2013). They tend to focus on changes with regards to the refugee policies, the representation of the immigrant youths and women, as well as the limited voice accorded to the contemporary social movements and the immigrant communities. In the course of discussing the kind of dilemma that is faced by welfare state especially under the localization and globalizat ion threats, a greater focus has been redirected on the perspective of trans-ethnicity. Doing so, exposes the necessity for the more comprehensive description of politics, state, class, everyday life, and the civil society (CRAFT, 2011). With regards to the international comparison, the Swedish nationalism has perhaps been relatively calm, but nevertheless, there were stronger assimilating pressures that were put on both the immigrant communities and the traditional minorities (CRAFT, 2011). Rather than the ethno-nationalist fanaticism, there was a greater elementary ideology of integrating the members of cultural and ethnic minorities into the

The marketing strategy of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The marketing strategy of Apple - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Apple Inc. is a multinational company based in the United States, which specializes in designing, development, and selling of electronics to consumers, including phones, music players, computers, and computer software. Apple ranks second after Samsung, which is the most profitable information technology company in the world. Nonetheless, the success of Apple Inc. is associated with its marketing strategy, which is considered effective. Apple employs a simple marketing strategy, which involves its consumers, thus giving the company an edge over other companies in the information technology industry. However, if Apple could consider improving its marketing strategy, this would guarantee it more profits and continued competitiveness in the market. The marketing strategy of Apple is based on three main important factors. These are trust, communication, and focus. The company believes that it is important to be clear on the information the company wants to pass to consumers through advertisements. This, therefore, results in a focused communication with consumers. On trust, Apple aims at producing quality products, instead of competing with other companies. The high quality of Apple products ensures customer loyalty.   For this reason, Apple does not throw its products at consumers in its adverts; instead, the company only explains how the new product works, including the features that it possesses. (Nosal Web). Apart from the simplicity of the marketing strategy of Apple, this also exhibits a great level of differentiation. The company puts great efforts in ensuring that its products are highly differentiated from other products produced by its competitors. The design of Apple’s product is superior, compared to that of its competitors, thus ensuring its differentiation. In addition, Apple wants its consumers to have a good experience using its products. Therefore, the company develops both software and hardware to enable customers to enjoy using its products (Bui Web). Since the quality of Apple products is high, the company also sells these products at a higher price. Apple is known as a â€Å"high-price† leader in the information technology industry. However, today, Apple attempts to lower the price of its products, as a strategy of increasing its customer base. Alternatively, Apple produces complex products at a high price, and then produces lower-price versions of such products, which have fewer features, thus suiting the needs of diverse customers (Bui Web).With regard to distribution; Apple has a total number of stores exceeding 300, with about 50 stores in California, where the company has its headquarters. The Apple staff in these distribution stores offer full service to customers. However, the staff is not trained on selling skills, but only on addressing customer problems and queries on how different products work (Bui Web). This marketing strategy for Apple is appropriate for the company, since it has worked on increasing the company’s profits over the years. First, this marketing strategy does not base on beating or competing with competitors. However, Apple focuses solely on the design and nature of its products to have an edge over competitors. Apple does not compare itself with its competitors such as Microsoft, but instead focuses on its own self-improvement, to remain competitive in the industry. In addition, the fact that the company aims at developing a pleasant experience for its customers, shows that the company is focused on customer needs and not its desire for profits, like other companies in the industry. Nonetheless, customer-centeredness is a great value, which Apple has adopted in its marketing strategy, which therefore, makes the strategy effective and agreeable. Although Apple has performed well in the market for the past decades, today there are

How and When We Use ICT Essay Example for Free

How and When We Use ICT Essay The communication system in the world is essential to modern day life. This may include mobile phones or normal household phones, which instantly allow someone to hear another persons voice from anywhere around the world, after you code in the required phone number. This saves a great deal of hassle, time and money as there no or less need to actually visit the person speaking. Furthermore, a mobile phone, performing the same tasks can be used, which can be taken anywhere and is wireless. Also with the mobile phone, instead of talking to another person, messages could be sent known as text to whomever, saving more money and time. Similarly the modern day internet- with the e-mail system, could be used, to anyone or any company around the world who also posses e-mail addresses. Again, the communication is very fast and better than mobile phone text, the information is free, easier and more of it can be sent across the world. At Howards Health centre, the communications system would be essential, as it is to modern day life. All the stock, financial systems and even customer services will require the use of these systems. These, obviously come into vital use for our company and our staff. Firstly these different methods of communication can and will be used in this company. Whether through the internet, txt message or simply talking over the mobile phone, these will all come into demand. It replaces the need of counting on unreliable snail mail which has many disadvantages, such as the speed, consistency and the time spent in order to gain something from this method. The usage of CD-ROMS has become more than common. These are readily and cheaply available in all modern day stores and retailers, becoming useful for a variety of different reasons. CD-ROMS in the form of Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs), have nearly completely replaced and taken over the famous video, displaying movies, films and other TV related programmes. Furthermore, CD-ROMS are increasing popularity, due to the demand and popularity of different types of software that would be vital for our company to have. The popularity of these CD-ROMS is increasing so rapidly that they now are included in free samples that come to the post. Howards Health centre will use the CD-ROM to make use of the software that our system needs via the CD-ROM. It also would help promote our company through advertising our goods with maybe a free CD-ROM. Also we may use CD-ROMs to store backup files, incase of a breakdown. Furthermore, to offer training to our employees of how to use various programmes on the computer, we will need the aid of a CD-ROM Another use of ICT in stores and companies such as ours is with the everyday usage of bar codes especially helpful for shops and other big stores. These are used to display the unique identities of any product which can be stored into shop computers to keep track of there own products. The benefits of bar codes are immeasurable. The most prominent of reasons include: that there is less risk of fraud and there is Quicker service in shops, for the bar code is used to display the identity and price of a product. Furthermore this method is relatively easy to use and requires little training to learn. Therefore the products sold by Howards Health centre will have the bar code on medicine and other medical facilities. The internet is increasing popularity for online shopping. In this world today, many people who are mainly occupied or too ill to go out to the supermarkets, use the internet to shop. This is an easy, quick and reliable way of shopping as the stock is delivered promptly to your doorstep. Also as this method requires little effort and is increasing in popularity, more and more varieties of goods can be brought over the internet, especially those that might be harder to purchase otherwise. However, there are many drawbacks to this method. For example, this method of shopping can create and increase health problems, as it cuts out the need of walking to the shops or the supermarket. Also it increases the risk of fraud as credit card details and other personal information may easily released into the dangerous world wide web, Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale (EFTPOS) technology, allows money to be paid through credit cards at tills that accept them. This involves a credit card having unique identity and direct access to the owners account, to be inserted into one of these tills, where the price of the items is taken from the bank. This greatly decreases the risk of burglary of money and stops any inconveniences caused by the carrying of money in your pocket. However, this method is not perfect as it is prone to credit card fraud and these cards can easily be lost. Furthermore, using this way for paying money makes the user less aware of the quantity of money that they spend, increasing the risk of debt and overdraft. Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) is similar to the other method. This ensures the electronic transfer of funds at the point of sale. It used at the checkouts to provide the customer receipt and, at the same time, update the items in stock. This process is automatic, requiring little human endeavor and assistance. With the introduction of new technology, our company will start using an easier method of shopping- shop online, replacing the typical and traditional method of using our legs and arms! We also would use computers to send e-mails and for entertainment purposes using CD-ROM gaming. These games have special 3-D effects and other griping effects that keep the user interested. It is also used with interactive television. Before people had access to only four or five channels, which for the telle addict would get intimidating. With interactive television, up to 800 channels, giving a much more interesting range of channels and topics. Howards Health centre by providing them with information, education and entertainment for a variety of subjects that may be useful to this company, the staff the and the whole of Brownsville Sage payroll is a commercial system that can be brought, to automatically calculate the employers wages. It is a very quick, easy and accurate method to calculate the wages of the employees. We may make use of this in Howards Health centre, especially in the near future, once the hospital is up and running. Also this provides businesses with support and advice which obviously will come helpful. Our method, using the computer, is slightly harder to use and needs more human assistance and training. Also this method is more prone to mistakes and is less professional. However, it is cheaper to use, easier to set up and it suits the job as it is a small health centre. Working practices will obviously have to change in Howards Health centre, thanks to the newly introduced computerized system. The old typewriter, handwritten letters, huge filing cabinets and much more will have to go now the computer is introduced. The average Howards Health centre employee will have to get used to using the computer, and will find it very useful. The need for letters and stamps taking days if not weeks to come will be mostly replaced by the e-mail system taking seconds to send large amounts of info across the world. Internet shopping will reduce the need for our staff to actually go out and by the clothing and stock. Data will now, and in the future, is stored within this system that will take up far less room than before. Remember, these various hi tech systems can only be accessed by individuals and companies who have the means of accessing these technologies, like Howards Health centre. These technologies are relatively expensive to own, and thus, are mainly accessible to the industrialized and MEDC countries. These countries posses various forms and resources in order to use these systems effectively. Thus, countries that are in the developing/third world simply do not have the financial resources to implement these systems. With this revolution of our system, we will need to train the staff to use these systems. This will take time and cost money. Also we will have to find qualified teachers, which will again be a hassle. Our staff will be trained in using the computer, software and performing the necessary tasks. The trainees will also need to be aware of the law and various different acts. For instance the data protection act which provides legislations to protect data released onto the computers, especially personal data. Also the employees must be aware of privacy and copyright. It is essential that the workers should be aware of other moral implications of using ICT. Our staff must be aware of undesirable material and the misuse of computers at work. ICT systems can easily crash. In this process, all too easily, many data can be lost, and sometimes not retrieved. This often happens with unsaved data, say when there is a power cut, this data will be lost. This problem can be overcome in a variety of ways. Obviously, the primary way would be to always regularly save the data, where programmes can be loaded onto the system that will automatically save a copy of the data so that it is not lost. Also various retrieval programmes can be used, which when the user switches off with ought to saving the work, or the computer crashes, the system will automatically have a record of there work. In the long term, data backups are used, in the form of CD-ROMS or various other storage mediums, which can act as backup devices. Also, the internet can be used, where work may be uploaded on say a website, incase of a crash. Another disadvantage of using these systems, which will imply in Howards Health centre, is the various health problems they pose. Usage of the computer and to communicate via e-mail can take long to accomplish. Usage of this method of communication, along with text messages can cause eye and neck strain, aswell as a host of other problems. Using the mobile phone, although not posing a significant health risk can cost a lot of money, especially when calling when most needed- peak time. Again training and teaching about these various health problems, and how to avoid them, would help overcome this problem. Despite the expenses and hassle of training and teaching the employers, it undoubtedly would be money well spent. For ultimately the health and safety of our employers comes first.

Cold War Vs. United States :: essays research papers

Cold War vs. United States The Cold War ended in 1991 after the Soviet Union fell apart. Since then, Russia's economy paralyzed, and the United States is three trillion dollars in debt, and both counties were weakened by the Cold War because of military spending. To have world peace does not mean that United States should increase its military strength. The Realist theory would argue that military strength is important to maintain peace both domestically and internationally. Even though the United States as the only superpower remains in certain perspective, the U.S can not be the peace keeper for the whole globe and every state on it. First of all, there are more than two hundred sovereign states in the whole world, and to have world peace requires every sovereign states' effort not only the United States but also every other states. A good example was the coalition force led by the United States under UN command which defeated Iraq's invasion army in Kuwait City in 1991. But the United States still respected Iraq's sovereignty under international rules. That was probably the reason why President Bush did not order the U.S army to invade Iraq after the U.S led coalition force expelled Iraq's force in Kuwait. Another example would be when Iraq's government massacred thousand of ethic minority Kurds when the Kurds rebelled against Iraq government in northern Iraq. The United States did not do a lot to help the Kurds because United States and the rest of the countries around the world recognized Iraq as a sovereign state in the international community even though that United States had a large military presence in the Persian gul f area during that time. More and more, non goverment organizations also play very important roles in world peace. Since 1945, the United Nations, a non government organization, has helped to bring cease-fire agreements to numerous hot spots around the globe in place like Cambodia or the Mid-East. Individual persons also play important roles in world peace. Such as former President Jimmy Carter, who helped negotiate the peace agreement that restored the democratic elected President Aristide back to his office in Haiti and avoided a direct military confrontation between the United States and the Haiti's military government in the last minute. Secondly, the cold war made former Soviet Unions bleed to white but also put the United States three trillion dollars in debt, and the debt is going up too. According to the IRS, the United States government is spending fifteen percent of gross annual revenue just paying off the interest of the three trillions deficits in 1996 (3).

Dmembers of the design and construction team

Is the first person involved in the planning stage of a building industry. He should be an artist, a technician and moreover a businessman. He has to satisfy the client, engineer, contractor and ultimately user. The architect after having obtained the instruction from the owner, design the function layout and provision of functional accommodation. He has to make structure beautiful and functional. He should give aesthetic effect to the structure. He is supposed to have knowledge of building bye- laws and regulations.During construction, he supervises the work as an agent to the owner, negotiates with client, Prepares drawings and specifications, Obtains planning permission, Prepares legal documents, Chooses building materials, Plans the construction process, Advises on the selection of, and will liaise with the construction am, and Inspects work. Selection of the architect for a development is obviously a critical step. Attention systems, the choice will be based on a combination of considerations, including competence and reputation, compatibility of values and goals between developer and architect, and ability of the two to communicate effectively.Since there is, in principle, inherent tension between the design function (I. E aesthetically oriented) and the developer (I. E cost and time oriented) communication of views and priorities are vital for a successful outcome. THE LAND PLANNER For land developments the developer (client) gives key design role to a land planner. In large projects involving multiple structures, extensive ground parking areas and drainage and water retention systems, the developer will rely on a land planner to solve the complex land planning puzzle.The developer work closely with the land planner to evolve the basic site plan within which any structures must fit. He uses input from specialist like the hydrologist, architect, marketing consultant, engineers, soil engineer, and others. The major concern of the land planner includes aest hetics, optimal use, and preservation of the site, traffic flows, utility systems, and drainage system. He also carries out an environmental impact assessment of the project and environment then it will be discarded. The expertise of several types' engineers must be coordinated by the architect in bringing together the final structure design. These engineers commonly work as subordinator to the architect, but their qualification need to be reviewed by the developer. The Soil Engineer: He determines the sufficient specifications to achieve safety and stability, for the structure foundation. He also test the soil for stability, strength, stress, strain and specify the kind of foundation that will be suitable for the building/ structure (pile, raft, pad, etc. ).The Structural Engineer; Calculate the loading and moments for a structure, Design the form for a structure, determine the most appropriate materials. Determine the requisite structural skeleton to maintain the building/ structu re's integrity. He also considers the numbers of beam, column that will withstand the tensional load, and give specification of the types of materials that will sustain the building life span. The Mechanical Engineer; provide pacifications and design for the heating, Ventilation, and air conditioning system and other building systems.

PESTEL Analysis (Coca Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc.) Essay

Political Factors Political analysis examines the current and potential influences from political pressures. The non-alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA and the government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products. In terms of regulations, the government has the power to set potential fines for the companies that did not meet their standard law requirement. The changes in laws and regulations, such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions might affect the book of the company as well as their entry in foreign country. Other than that, the changes in the nature of business as non-alcoholic beverages can gain competitive product and pricing pressures and the ability to improve or maintain the share in sales in global market as a result of action by competitors. The political conditions of the country are also basis of the study, especially in internal markets and other governmental changes that affects thei r ability to penetrate the developing and emerging markets that involves the political and economic conditions. However, Coca Cola continuously monitoring the policies and regulations set by the government. Economic Factors Economic analysis examines the local, national and world economy impact which is also includes the issue of recession and inflation rates. The non-alcoholic beverage industry has high sales in countries outside the U.S. According to the Standard and Poor’s Industry surveys, â€Å"For major soft drink companies, there has been economic improvement in many major international markets, such as Japan, Brazil, and Germany.† These markets will continue to play a major role in the success and stable growth for a majority of the non-alcoholic beverage industry. Social Factors The changes in society affect the organization such as changing in lifestyles and attitudes of the market. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the  age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. The demand for carbonated drinks decreases and this pulled down the revenues of Coca Cola. Technological Factors Technology is the main focus of the analysis where the introduction and the emerging technological techniques are valued. This creates opportunities for new products and product improvements in terms of marketing and production. As the technology advances, new products are introduced into the market. The advancement in technology has led to the creation of cherry coke in 1985 but consumers still prefers the traditional taste of the original coke. Environmental Factors Environmental analysis examines the local, national and world environmental issues. According to the data of the Coca Cola Company, all of the facilities are strictly monitored according to the environmental laws imposed by the government Legal Factors Legal aspect focuses on the effect of the national and world legislation. The Coca Cola Company receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business and every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process.

The Birth of Radio essays

The Birth of Radio essays The birth of radio came through the emergence of two new technologies recording and sound reproduction. The ever changing invention patent distributions and company buy outs have made the broadcasting industry a variable battle field of knowledge. The following are some of the inventors and companies that made early broadcasting possible. In 1877 Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice, he was experimenting with a method of recording and repeating telegraph signals so that messages could be automatically relayed at a faster speed. Edison also invented the carbon telephone transmitter, this invention led to the development of the microphone, which made early radio possible. Meanwhile the American Graphophone Company was organized in Philadelphia to help improve the graphophone. A small plant was established in Bridgeport Connecticut to build 3-4 machines daily. Jesse H. Lipincott acquired the rights to the company to rent or sell the gramaphone under Bell (Alexander Graham Bell) and Tainter (Sumner Tainter) patents. Later Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company. In 1893 Nikola Tesla a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, and scientist made the first public demonstration of radio communication at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated the principles of radio communication. George Westinghouse bought the patent rights to Nikola Teslas polyphase system of alternating-current dynamos transformers and Eldridge Johnson was born in Wilmington Delaware. In 1906 he started to develop a spring motor for a disc talking machine for the Berliner Company. Johnsons first patent for the machine was granted on March 22, 1898. The Montross Metal Shingle Company of Camden New Jersey took an order for Eldridge Johnson to make 1000 units @ $4.00 each f...

Best Abigail Williams Analysis - The Crucible

Best Abigail Williams Analysis - The Crucible SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Abigail Williams is the pebble that gets the avalanche of the Salem witch trials started. It is Abigail who first says Tituba has been using supernatural powers to corrupt her and Betty, and it is Abigail who jumps on the (metaphorical) accusation train after Tituba has been coerced into confessing her involvement and naming co-conspirators. In this guide, we’ll go over Abigail’s entire sphere of influence, from her role as the lead accuser in the witch trials to the relationship between Abigail and John Proctor, and discuss what drives Abigail to act as she does throughout the course of the play. Feature image credit: Samantha Lindsay, 2016/All rights reserved. Character Introduction: Who Is Abigail Williams? Abigail is deftly characterized throughout the play through Miller’s stage directions, what other characters say about her, and through Abigail’s own actions and dialogue. The first thing we learn about Abigail (courtesy of Miller's introductory character description) is that she is young and gorgeous: â€Å"Abigail Williams, seventeen†¦a strikingly beautiful girl† (Act 1, p. 8). More important than her physical description and age, however, are Abigail's relationships with the other characters in the play. Relationships Abigail has important - and often contentious - relationships with the other characters, many of which directly shape the action of the play. John and Elizabeth Proctor Abigail is the former servant of John and Elizabeth Proctor. Over the course of the first two acts, it is revealed that Abigail used to work for the Proctors but had an affair with John; she was kicked out when Elizabeth confronted John with her suspicions and he confessed. By the time the play begins, Abigail still loves John, but the feeling that does not appear to be mutual, as John won’t continue the affair with her. The relationship between Abigail and John Proctor changes even further over the course of the play; by Act 3, Abigail no longer cares about John as much and makes no move to halt his arrest and hanging for witchcraft. Abigail and Elizabeth have a mutual dislike, although the feeling is much stronger on Abigail's side than Elizabeth's (since Abigail eventually ends up accusing Elizabeth of being a witch): â€Å"It's a bitter woman, a lying, cold, sniveling woman, and I will not work for such a woman!† (Act 1, p. ) Not only does Abigail think Elizabeth is bitter, lying, cold, and sniveling, but Abigail refers to Elizabeth as â€Å"it.† The only other time this happens in the play is during another expression of extreme emotion, when John Proctor calls Abigail a whore (â€Å"It is a whore!† Act 3, p. 102) before the entire Salem court. The Parris Family Abigail is also Reverend Parris's niece (and so Betty Parris's cousin); she lives with the Parris family because her parents were killed by local American Indian tribe. We mainly see Abigail's interactions with her family in Act 1, when Betty is lying unresponsive on the bed and Parris is freaking out about what people are going to say and how it's going to affect how he's perceived in the town. It's unclear whether Abigail actually cares about Betty, or if she is just worried that if Betty doesn't wake up she’ll get in even bigger trouble. â€Å"ABIGAIL, smashes [Betty] across the face: Shut it! Now shut it!† (Act 1, p. 18) Hitting someone is not exactly loving by today’s standards, but tough love was not unknown in Puritan times, so you could argue it either way - maybe Abigail's just trying to stop Betty from being hysterical. Abigail's resentment of her uncle, by contrast, is quite clear. Miller uses explicit stage directions to Abigail likeâ€Å"in terror†, â€Å"with an edge of resentment† and â€Å"With ill-concealed resentment at him† (Act 1, p. ) when she's addressing Parris to illustrate the precarious position Abigail is in. Because Abigail is an orphan in a society that does not value women, she is forced to depend on her uncle's kindness and avoid upsetting him or risk being thrown out to live on her own without any means to do so. Whether or not Abigail also thinks her uncle is petty and self-important is open to interpretation, depending on how the performers deliver certain lines (or how the reader interprets them). Take the following exchange, for instance: â€Å"[PARRIS:] Abigail, do you understand that I have many enemies? ABIGAIL: I have heard of it, uncle. PARRIS: There is a faction that is sworn to drive me from my pulpit. Do you understand that? ABIGAIL: I think so, sir.† (Act 1, p. 10) Either she’s meekly agreeing with him†¦or she’s subtly mocking him because she’s heard him go on and on about how he is persecuted so many times. I tend to believe the latter explanation, especially given how often Abigail’s lines contain dual meanings, but an argument could be made for either case. Abigail has a somewhat mixed relationship with the third member of the Parris household, Tituba. Abigail seems to believe in Tituba's powers to the extent that she gets Tituba to make a potion to kill Goody Proctor (presumably so Abigail can marry John). When it starts to seem like this information might come out, however, Abigail preemptively accuses Tituba of bewitching her and Betty in order to save herself. The Other Girls Finally, Abigail appears to be friends (or friendly) with Mercy Lewis and Mary Warren. Mercy and Abigail seem to have a sort of partners-in-crime type of friendship - Abigail likes Mercy well enough to warn her by telling her what Parris has told Abigail he knows about the woods (although this could be perhaps because Abigail’s afraid of what Mercy might say if they don’t confer). On the other hand, Abigail appears to have nothing but disdain for Mary Warren, and is perfectly fine with bullying her: â€Å"ABIGAIL, starting for Mary: I say shut it, Mary Warren!† (Act 1, p. 19) Along with Ruth Putnam and Betty Parris, Abigail, Mercy, and Mary were in the woods with Tituba; along with Susanna Walcott, the girls form the core of the group of â€Å"afflicted† girls who accuse others of witchcraft during the trials. By Act 3, Abigail no longer fears anybody because of how much she has risen in status and how much authority she has gained. She even faces off against Danforth (the man with nominally the most power in the play as Deputy Governor of Massachusetts) and gets him to back down from questioning her. Fearless/Less Fear, used under CC BY 2.0 Other Character Traits Abigail is an accomplishedand convincing liar - she lies easily, without any compunction or care for the truth, and can keep the lies going. From her very introduction, Miller tells the reader of the play that Abigail has â€Å"an endless capacity for dissembling† (p. 8), and she spends the rest of her time onstage living up to this description. This characteristic is demonstrated in the first act of The Crucible when Abigail lies about what exactly happened in the woods: â€Å"Uncle, we did dance; let you tell them I confessed it – and I’ll be whipped if I must be. But they’re speakin’ of witchcraft. Betty’s not witched† (Act 1, p. 9). As each of her lies is revealed to be such, she comes up with a new lie that she still gets people to believe, even though she was clearly just lying and there’s no reason why she wouldn’t still be lying. â€Å"But we never conjured spirits† (Act 1, p. 10) [...] "PARRIS, to Abigail: Then you were conjuring spirits last night. ABIGAIL, whispering: Not I, sir - Tituba and Ruth.† (Act 1, p. 15) [...] â€Å"She sends her spirit on me in church† (Act 1, p. 41) Within the space of one act, Abigail changes her story from â€Å"we were just dancing† to â€Å"Tituba sent her spirit on me and bewitched us† - and everyone buys it. Part of Abigail's success in convincing others of her lies stems from her ability to get herself to believe the lies. This occurs in Act 3 in the Salem court - Abigail manages to convince herself that she's being afflicted to the point where she goes into a fit that has real physical side-effects (her hands are icy to the touch). A large part of Abigail’s believability, though, comes from societal preconceptions – it’s unthinkable that such a lowly person (young orphaned girl) would dare lie to someone important (her uncle who’s taken her in, the Deputy Governor of the Province, and so on). World's Biggest Liar, used under CC BY 2.0 Probably not the accolade Reverend Parris would want hanging from his door. In addition to being an accomplished liar, Abigail is also extremely single-minded. When she wants something, she goes for it; if one method doesn’t work, she’s happy to go with Plan B. A good example of this is Abigail's pursuit of John Proctor. Because Abigail wants John Proctor for herself, she gets Tituba to make her a potion to kill Goody Proctor. When that doesn’t work, she pleads with John to take her back; when that doesn't work she accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft and manages to get her arrested. By the time this backfires (John Proctor is also accused of witchcraft), Abigail’s too deep in it to say anything, even if she wanted to – protesting his arrest would draw suspicion back onto her. Last but not least, Abigail is opportunistic. She seizes the chance to divert blame from herself and Betty by accusing Tituba of making them do bad things (Act 1). Once Abigail has gained power as an â€Å"afflicted child†, she seizes the chance to accuse Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft and get her out of the picture that way (Act 2). Furthermore, when Elizabeth falters under Danforth's questioning and doesn’t admit Abigail was dismissed because Abigail slept with John Proctor, Abigail seizes upon that too and strengthens her position by screaming and going into a fit before Hale can explain further about what he means by â€Å"This girl has always struck me as false!† (Act 3, p. 106). And when neighboring towns like Andover overthrow their witch trials and it looks like being someone who accused others of witchcraft might not be so safe anymore, Abigail grabs Parris’s savings and leaves town (discussed in Act 4). When Does Abigail Appear in The Crucible? Abigail only appears onstage in Acts 1 and 3, although she is talked about by other characters in the other two acts. In Act 1, she enters very near the beginning (right after Tituba has been shooed off by Parris) and stays onstage through the end of the act; in Act 3, she and the other girls are summoned to the court towards the last third of the act to explain and deny Mary Warren’s accusations, remaining onstage through the end of the act. What Does Abigail Williams Do in The Crucible? Below, I have an act-by-act breakdown of all of Abigail's actions over the course of the play. Act 1 At the beginning of Act 1, Abigail is chastised by her uncle for possibly getting Betty sick with the dancing they did in the woods. Abigail tries to defend herself, saying that Betty was just startled when Reverend Parris â€Å"leaped out of the bush so suddenly† and that’s why Betty fainted. Parris refuses to believe Abigail is telling the whole truth and wants to make sure they weren’t up to even worse things than dancing, like conjuring spirits (!). He also wants to know if Abigail’s reputation is still pure, which Abigail gets all snippy about (understandably - who'd want to talk to her uncle about her purity?). When it becomes clear that spirits were conjured during the "dancing" in the woods, Abigail says that it wasn’t her doing the conjuring, just Tituba and Ruth Putnam. Once the adults leave, Abigail confers with Mercy and Mary Warren about what to do. Abigail briefly manages to rouse Betty, who tries to throw herself out of the window, yells that â€Å"Abigail drank a potion to kill Goody Proctor,† and then sinks back into an unresponsive state again. Abigail threatens everyone with violence if she says something about the potion. When Abigail finds herself alone with John Proctor, she approaches him to see if she can get him to resume their affair, but he turns her down. Abigail is not happy about this and says it’s his wife making him do it, which makes Proctor threaten to whip her (although to be fair, this is his default for dealing with women who upset him). Hale arrives and begins to question Abigail about her actions in the woods. When pressed, Abigail blames Tituba, who is then fetched to explain herself. Before Tituba can say anything, Abigail preemptively strikes by saying that it was Tituba who did all the bad things like conjuring and creating potions, knowing that because Tituba is one of the few people in Salem below Abigail on the social ladder, the other Salem residents will find this easy to believe. After Tituba confesses, Abigail says that she, too, wants to confess her sins and come clean with God. She and Betty go into an orgy of crying out names of townspeople as witches as the curtain falls â€Å"On their ecstatic cries† (Act 1, p. 46). Act 2 We learn via Cheever that Abigail has charged Elizabeth Proctor as a witch (Act 2, p. 69). It turns out that while at dinner at the Parris house, Abigail fell to the floor, writhing in pain, and a needle was pulled out of her by Parris; Abigail then â€Å"testify it were your wife’s familiar spirit pushed it in† (Act 3, p. 71). It also turns out that Abigail was sitting right next to Mary in court as Mary made the poppet and stuck a needle in it for safekeeping, which could have given Abigail the idea to throw the fit at dinner and accuse Elizabeth, but the hysterical Cheever, Herrick, and even Hale don’t seem to think that this is reason enough not to arrest Elizabeth. sister poppet, used under CC BY 2.0 Act 3 Abigail is brought into the courtroom (along with the other afflicted girls) by Danforth for questioning. She denies that she has lied about the supernatural torments she’s been through, affirming that Mary is lying and that â€Å"Goody Proctor always kept poppets† (Act 3, p. 96), and appears insulted when Danforth asks her if she’s sure she didn’t just imagine it all. In the midst of dressing down Danforth for doubting her, Abigail suddenly seems to go into a trance or some other altered state. During this fit, she looks at Mary Warren (with the implication being that Mary is the one causing this) – the other girls follow Abigail's lead and do the same. When Abigail looks up to heaven and asks for strength, however, she is assaulted, yelled at, and accused of being a harlot by John Proctor. Danforth asks Abigail to deny (or confirm) that she had sex with John Proctor when asked by Danforth, but Abigail refuses (â€Å"If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again!† Act 3, p. 103). Abigail leads the girls into another fit after Elizabeth Proctor exits the courtroom, this one explicitly targeting Mary Warren as the source: â€Å"But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary.† Act 3, p. 106. She and the other girls descend into full-blown hysteria, mimicking Mary Warren's every action and word until Mary caves under the pressure and accuses John Proctor of being the Devil's man. Act 4 "Echoes Down the Corridor" What happened to Abigail? We learn via Reverend Parris that shehas vanished, possibly via ship, and taken all his savings. â€Å"My daughter tells me how she heard [Abigail and Mercy Lewis] speaking of ships last week, and tonight I discover my- my strongbox is broke into.† (Act 4, p. 7) In â€Å"Echoes Down the Corridor† (the epilogue immediately following Act 4), Miller informs us that â€Å"[t]he legend has it that Abigail turned up later as a prostitute in Boston† (p. 135). Abigail Williams Character Analysis Abigail is the most complex female character in The Crucible. Unlike Rebecca Nurse (the wise, saintly old woman), Elizabeth Proctor (the frigid and betrayed wife), Mary Warren (the girl who just wants to feel important and fit in with the cool kids), or Tituba (the slave who was forced into saving herself by accusing others of witchcraft), Abigail's character cannot be neatly labeled as just one thing. Instead, there is a complex interaction of different motivations that lead Abigail to act as she does during the events of the play. Abigail Motivation #1: Sociopathy/Actively Trying to be Evil An easy, surface explanation of Abigail’s character is to label her as a calculating sociopath, andthere is some evidence that supports this claim. In Act 1, Abigail does seize upon the opportunity to divert blame from herself to first Tituba and Ruth (p. 15), then just Tituba (p. 40), then to women with questionable reputations like Sarah Good, Goody Osburn, and Bridget Bishop (p. 45). She doesn't care at all about the fates of the women being blamed - she's just accusing them to further her own ends. In Act 3, Miller describes Abigail as staring Mary Warren down â€Å"remorselessly† (p. 97); furthermore, Abigail seems to deliberately focus on Mary Warren as the cause of both of her fits: â€Å"ABIGAIL, looking about in the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: I- I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.† (Act 3, p. 101) [...] â€Å"ABIGAIL, to the ceiling, in a genuine conversation with the â€Å"bird,† as though trying to talk it out of attacking her: But God made my face; you cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a deadly sin, Mary. MARY WARREN, on her feet with a spring, and horrified, pleading: Abby! ABIGAIL, unperturbed, continuing to the â€Å"bird†: Oh, Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it’s God’s work I do.† (Act 3, p. 107) Finally, in Act 4, we learn Abigail has stolen her uncle’s money and run away. When viewed through the lens of â€Å"calculating person who does not feel emotion,† the reasons for Abigail’s actions become very simple: she acts as she does because she has no empathy for others and cares only for herself. Here's just a smattering of other arguments that could be made to support this conclusion or thesis: Abigail sleeps with John Proctor because she wants to, not caring about his marriage. When she’s kicked out of the Proctor house and sent back to her uncle’s, she’s upset, not because she loves John, but because of the loss of her good reputation. She’s only concerned with Betty’s illness because it means Abigail will get into trouble, and the reason Abigail doesn’t immediately say that Betty’s suffering from witchcraft is because Abigail doesn’t realize that’s the best tack to take until later. She wants to kill Goody Proctor and marry John not because she cares about him, but because it will increase her social status (and also gain her access to intimate relations with Proctor’s â€Å"unexpressed, hidden force† (p. 20)). She accuses other people of witchcraft because it benefits her by helping her get out of trouble for dancing and conjuring in the woods; it also makes her seem more powerful (especially if those people â€Å"confess† and so corroborate her accusations). She purposefully throws a fit to discredit Mary and pressure Mary into recanting her statement to protect herself. When she's at risk of losing her power and authority because of events in Andover, Abigail steals her poor uncle’s money (even though he had housed and fed her after her parents were killed) and runs off, eventually becoming a prostitute. EVIL, used under CC BY 2.0 Abigail Motivation #2: Pragmatism Maybe you can tell by how hyperbolic my language got at the end there, but I don’t think that writing off Abigail an emotionless, manipulative person and ignoring any other facet of her character is a particularly useful or insightful way to analyze her character. In addition to being motivated by opportunism (taking advantage of the situation to get an outcome that’s best for her, no matter what the cost for others), Abigail also seems to be motivated by a desire to avoid getting into trouble with authority (which means she needs to keep her reputation clean). Unlike with Mary Warren, however, Abigail’s wish to avoid trouble is not coupled with a desire to please. She wants to avoid trouble not because she wants to make everyone happy, but because that is the safest thing to do. And in contrast to John Proctor, who struggles through the play with how he’s compromised his sense of himself by committing adultery, Abigail doesn’t seem to care as much about the principle of having a good reputation – she’s more concerned with the practicality of how being considered â€Å"soiled† might negatively affect her. Evidence for this can be found at the beginning of Abigail’s charge to Mercy, Mary, and Betty: â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters. And that is all† (Act 1, p. 19). In Puritan Salem, dancing and conjuring dead people are NOT activities that are good for your reputation, particularly if you’re in a precarious social position to begin with (orphaned, young, girl, fired servant). Being found guilty of these acts, however, will merit far less punishment than being found guilty of adultery and of trying to kill the wife of the man you committed adultery with. It could be argued that part of Abigail's desire to avoid trouble at all costs stems from her traumatic past. When The Crucible begins, Abigail is an orphan living with her uncle and cousin, but her parents didn't just die of cholera or some other natural cause. Abigail explicitly states â€Å"I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine† (Act 1, p. 19) - an upsetting experience that would inculcate a desire to avoid trouble in anyone. Perhaps because of this previous upheaval, Abigail doesn’t seem to quite trust that her uncle will love her and let her stay there, no matter what: â€Å"[ABIGAIL:] With ill-concealed resentment at him: Do you begrudge my bed, uncle? PARRIS: No - no.† (Act 1, p. ) Whether or not Abigail's fears of being kicked out of the Parris’s house are justified, they’re still a motivating factor - she wants to avoid getting into trouble so that she doesn't lose her only home. As Act 1 continues, Abigail continues to try to defray blame and to play down the â€Å"dancing in the woods.† The way Miller sets up the dialogue, however, Abigail only changes her story in response to pressure from other characters – for the most part, she is reacting, not going on the offensive. For example, take a look at this series of exchanges between Hale, Parris, and Abigail: â€Å"[HALE] He turns to Abigail, his eyes narrowing. Abigail, what sort of dancing were you doing with her in the forest? ABIGAIL: Why- common dancing is all. PARRIS: I think I ought to say that I- I saw a kettle in the grass where they were dancing. ABIGAIL: That were only soup. [†¦] PARRIS, fearfully: I- do believe there were some movement- in the soup. ABIGAIL: That jumped in, we never put it in! HALE, quickly: What jumped in? ABIGAIL: Why, a very little frog jumped- [†¦] HALE, grasping Abigail: Abigail, it may be your cousin is dying. Did you call the Devil last night? ABIGAIL: I never called him! Tituba, Tituba ...† (Act 1, p. 39-40) Step by step, Abigail adds more information as she is pressed to explain herself by Hale and Parris. The clinching moment for me (and the reason I don’t think Abigail is so much calculating as she is trying to avoid trouble) is this next exchange Abigail has with Reverend Hale: â€Å"HALE: How did she call him? ABIGAIL: I know not- she spoke Barbados. HALE: Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground? ABIGAIL: I didn’t see no Devil! Shaking Betty: Betty, wake up. Betty! Betty! HALE: You cannot evade me, Abigail. Did your cousin drink any of the brew in that kettle? ABIGAIL: She never drank it! HALE: Did you drink it? ABIGAIL: No, sir! HALE: Did Tituba ask you to drink it? ABIGAIL: She tried, but I refused. HALE: Why are you concealing? Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? ABIGAIL: I never sold myself! I’m a good girl! I’m a proper girl!† (Act 1, p. 40) Abigail does not immediately seize upon the suggestion of witchcraft that Hale so blatantly puts out with his leading question (â€Å"Did you feel any strangeness when she called him? A sudden cold wind, perhaps? A trembling below the ground?†); instead, she denies any knowledge of the Devil and witchcraft (â€Å"I didn’t see no Devil!†). If she really were entirely calculating and opportunistic, there’s no way she would have passed up on an opportunity to push the blame onto some external force here, when she’s under pressure. Abigail's breaking point happens when Tituba is brought into the room – the only way out for Abigail to maintain her status as a good and proper girl and to avoid getting into even more trouble is to strike first; there is no other option that ends well for her in this scenario. Distress, used under CC BY 2.0 A similar argument could be made for why Abigail acts the way she does in the courtroom in Act 3, although now she’s changed from being on the defensive (saying she never did anything wrong) to being on the offensive (accusing Mary of lying, threatening Danforth when he doubts her). Abigail has gained an enormous amount of power and authority since her introduction in Act 1, which means that she no longer has to worry as much about her reputation - anything negative that's said about her she can lie about, and her word will be believed (as it is with Mary Warren). Abigail does, however, still try to avoid answering the question of whether or not she committed adultery with John Proctor: â€Å"If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again!† (Act 3, p. 103) This could be seen as more courtroom dramatics on Abigail’s part, and yes, if it’s revealed she slept with John Proctor, her whole faà §ade of being an innocent victim does come tumbling down. But this could also be her still trying to walk the fine line of avoiding getting into trouble and avoiding telling lies, particularly because this subject is one that she cares about. The other exception to Abigail's â€Å"offense is the best defense† stance is at the end of Act 3, when she doesn’t do anything to counter Mary Warren’s accusations against John Proctor. From a pragmatic point of view, this still makes sense, because the safest thing to do is to back up Mary’s accusations by praising God; if Mary’s shown to be a liar and pretending to be afflicted, then the whole house of cards will come tumbling down and Abigail will be in a huge amount of trouble that she won’t be able to talk her way out of. Motivation #3: Teenage Love The final piece of Abigail’s character puzzle is her relationship with John Proctor. I'll begin the discussion of this motivator through a common discussion question asked about Abigail in The Crucible: Common Discussion Question: In 1692, the historical Abigail Williams was years old, and John Proctor was 60. How did Miller’s deviation from the â€Å"historical model† affect the play? What other changes do you think Arthur Miller made between Abigail from The Crucible and the historical Abigail? Answer: Changing the ages made the relationship Miller saw between Abigail Williams and John Proctor a whole lot less creepy for John Proctor...although honestly, it’s still pretty creepy. He was 18 years older and her employer? She wasn’t even 18? And he constantly threatens to whip women of a lower social status if they displease him? That's still uncomfortable and upsetting. In â€Å"Why I Wrote the Crucible: An Artist’s Answer to Politics† (The New Yorker, October 1996), Miller writes that he was certain of the relationship between Abigail and John Proctor: â€Å"By this time, I was sure, John Proctor had bedded Abigail, who had to be dismissed most likely to appease Elizabeth." Arthur Miller also throws in at the end of The Crucible (in â€Å"Echoes Down The Corridor†) the rumor that Abigail eventually becomes a prostitute in Boston, 20 years down the line. As far as I’ve been able to discover from researching it, there’s zero truth to this – Abigail most likely died in the 1690s, since nothing is ever heard about her again. Thus, Miller very much shaped Abigail's character from an -year-old servant girl into a sexually predatory woman and used that to drive conflict in the play. Abigail starts off the play very much still in love with John Proctor: â€Å"You are no wintry man. I know you, John. I know you. She is weeping. I cannot sleep for dreamin’; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house as though I’d find you comin’ through some door. She clutches him desperately.† (Act 1, p. 22) John, however, spurns her love, because of his conscience and guilt: â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby.† (Act 1, p. 22) Abigail thinks to win him back and get revenge on his wife at the same time by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft (Act 2)†¦or at least, so Proctor seems to think. Proctor tells Danforth his interpretation of Abigail’s actions and intent, attributing her actions first to lust, then to vengeance: â€Å"God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore’s vengeance, and you must see it† (Act 3, p. 102) Abigail's real motivation for getting Elizabeth Proctor out of the way, however, is somewhat opaque. Because we never really get to see inside Abigail’s head again in the play (she never talks in private to anyone onstage after Act 1), we don’t actually know if Proctor's interpretations are correct. Abigail could be accusing Elizabeth because she’s convinced herself Elizabeth is a witch, she could be accusing Elizabeth because she loves John and wants to be with him (rather than because she hates Elizabeth or because she just wants him for his body), or she could be accusing Elizabeth because she sees marrying John as a way to empower herself and gains status in the restrictive, misogynist society of Salem. Whatever the reason(s) behind it, Abigail’s plan to get Elizabeth out of the way and win John back backfires. John calls Abigail a whore in court, Abigail’s forced to deny this to keep her good standing with the court, and while Abigail doesn’t retaliate by calling John a witch (perhaps because she still has some â€Å"soft feelings† for him), she doesn’t make a move to stop his arrest when Mary Warren accuses him. Common Discussion Question: Compare and contrast Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. To answer this question, you can discuss how the two women’s relationships with John change over time, their actions to protect (or not protect) John, and their feelings about John and themselves (do they really care about John, or are they just trying to cement their social positions?). Use the information in the above analysis about Abigail to bolster your comparison. Portraits of two women, used under CC BY 2.0 How Does Abigail Williams Change Over Time? Over the course ofThe Crucible, Abigail goes from having basically no power to having the most power of anyone in Salem. She starts out one step higher than Tituba: an orphaned, teenaged, girl who has been fired from her job and is being given a bad reputation around town by her former employer, basically living on her uncle’s charity. By Act 3, Abigail is the head of the â€Å"afflicted children,† powerful enough that she can threaten Danforth, the Deputy Governor of the Province, and get away with it: "ABIGAIL: I have been hurt, Mr. Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin’ out! I have been near to murdered every day because I done my duty pointing out the Devil’s people- and this is my reward? To be mistrusted, denied, questioned like a- DANFORTH, weakening: Child, I do not mistrust you- ABIGAIL, in an open threat: Let you beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you to be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits? Beware of it!† (Act 3, p. 100) Abigail talks back to Danforth in court, and rather than yelling at her, he weakens in his own conviction. She then follows this up with a not-so-veiled threat that underscores her power - if he crosses Abigail, maybe he'll find himself accused of witchcraft. Even though in Act 4 Parris reveals to Danforth that Abigail is a runaway thief, that is not enough to diminish her power – those who she accused of being witches are still set to hang. Abigail also changes from having a questionable reputation to unimpeachable reputation and then back to having a tarnished reputation over the course of the play. In Act 1, Parris tells Abigail that her former employer, Elizabeth Proctor, â€Å"comes so rarely to church this year for she will not sit so close to something soiled† (Act 1, p. ), meaning that Abigail is soiled, or unclean – not a good reputation to have when you’re already in a precarious social position like Abigail is. By the time Act 2 rolls around, Abigail's reputation has soared to such heights that she's treated like Moses (a Biblical prophet). As Elizabeth Proctor states: â€Å"[Mary Warren] speak of Abigail, and I thought she were a saint, to hear her. Abigail brings the other girls into the court, and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel" (Act 2, p. 50). In Act 3, Abigail’s reputation is strong enough that John Proctor’s accusations of her being a whore (since she slept with a married man) aren’t automatically believed, even though ordinarily the word of an upright male citizen like John Proctor would certainly be taken over that of a teenage orphan girl. In Act 4 it’s revealed that Abigail has run away and stolen money from her uncle (and so her reputation takes a hit in her absence), but since she is no longer in Salem, it doesn’t really matter for her. Abigail’s goals seem to change over the course of the play. In Act 1, it’s clear that she is still very much attracted to John Proctor and wants to be with him: she nervously laughs the first time he speaks to her (very much a teenager in the midst of an infatuation), and is physically affected by his presence: "Since Proctor’s entrance, Abigail has stood as though on tiptoe, absorbing his presence, wide-eyed" (Act 1, p. 20). Part of her desire to marry John Proctor may be to improve her social standing, but at this point in the play, Abigail still seems to care about John Proctor and want to be with HIM, not just some random guy (although, of course, Miller’s told us that she has an â€Å"endless capacity for dissembling,† so who knows if we can trust her). In Act 2, Abigail still seems to want to be with John Proctor, since she’s accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft. As I mentioned in the "motivations" section, it’s harder to tell what Abigail's reasons for this are because it’s other people talking about her actions, rather than firsthand knowledge. Proctor and his wife seem pretty sure that Abigail’s motives are to replace Elizabeth Proctor: â€Å"[ELIZABETH:] She thinks to take my place, John. PROCTOR: She cannot think it! He knows it is true.† (Act 2, p. 58) So it's unclear whether her motives are out of lust and love for John, wanting to improve her social standing, or wanting to get revenge on Elizabeth for sullying her name, but Abigail’s intentions to get rid of Elizabeth, at least, are clear. By Act 3, however, Abigail cares more about holding onto the power she already has than about John Proctor. We know this because when Mary Warren accuses John Proctor of being â€Å"the Devil’s man,† Abigail makes no move to deny it. Instead, she and the rest of girls echo Parris’s â€Å"Praise God!† (p. 0). So do you think Abigail really loves John? Why or why not? Whatevidence from the play can you find to support your argument? Finally, the extent to which Abigail is affected by the hysteria seems to change during the course of the play. Part of the reason for this is that after the first act, the audience is no longer privy to Abigail’s thought processes (since she no longer is talking in confidence to friends or Proctor, but instead is taking very public actions and making public statements in the courthouse). In the first act, it seems pretty clear that Abigail is faking her â€Å"fit†: she tells multiple people that they were dancing in the woods and conjuring Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters’ spirits she shuts down any discussion of her drinking a potion to kill Goody Proctor she is matter of fact about it, mainly frightened not because they were meddling with the supernatural, but because she’s afraid she’ll be punished if word gets out For contrast, compare Abigail in this instance to Mary Warren, who seems genuinely freaked out: â€Å"MARY WARREN, with hysterical fright: What’s got her? Abigail stares in fright at Betty. Abby, she’s going to die! It’s a sin to conjure, and we-† (Act 1, p. 19). By Act 3, however, it’s no longer clear exactly how much Abigail is faking the fright and fits. The argument can certainly be made that she and the other girls are trying to intimidate Mary Warren into retracting her statements about them lying. Abigail does, however, appear to show at least some physical manifestation of her distress (which is harder to fake): â€Å"HATHORNE, touching Abigail’s hand: She is cold, Your Honor, touch her!† Of course, you might argue that Hathorne is feeling what he expected to feel, or that Abigail has such control over her body that she is able to cause her temperature to drop because of psychosomatic processes. Equally possible, though, is that she, like Mary, has been caught up in the hysteria and to some extent believes that she is being attacked by supernatural forces, and so it’s an unconscious link between mind and body causing her to have cold hands. In the fourth Act, we learn Abigail has stolen all of Parris’s savings and run away with Mercy Lewis, which does imply that she’s reverted to form and that this whole being-attacked-by-witches thing was just a hoax. We don’t really have enough information about Abigail's thinking, however, to say for sure if she never believed in witches, or if there was a brief period during which she, too, got caught up in the witch hunt hysteria. Salem Witch Dungeon Museum (May 17,2009), used under CC BY 2.0 Abigail Williams Quotes from The Crucible To wrap up this character analysis, we have three Abigail quotes, explained and analyzed. The first quote illustrates the importance of reputation in Puritan Salem: â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar!† (Act 1, p. 12) Abigail is extremely upset that this gossip is going around town and that her uncle knows about it, so she hurries to defend her name with much exclamation, calling Goody Proctor a liar to offset the damage. The irony of Abigail, consummate liar, calling someone else a liar repeats throughout the play, including in the next quote: â€Å"ABIGAIL, with a slight note of indignation: It is a lie, sir.† (Act 3, p. 95) In this case, the irony of Abigail accusing someone else of lying is enhanced by the stage directions: not only is Abigail calling Mary a liar, but she’s doing so in a tone that implies Abigail is offended Mary would ever think to say such a thing about her. In reality, of course, it’s Abigail who is the shameless liar. The "shameless" descriptor ties in well to the final quote: â€Å"ABIGAIL, stepping up to Danforth: What look do you give me? Danforth cannot speak. I’ll not have such looks! She turns and starts for the door.† (Act 3, p. 103) By this point in the play, Abigail has gained enough authority that she feels empowered to tell the Deputy Governor of the Province, to his face, that she won’t put up with him giving her suspicious looks. This is a big change from her previous position in Salem society, where she was dependent on the charity of her uncle, Reverend Parris (especially after she was fired by Elizabeth Proctor). What’s Next? Need to get a better understanding of the other characters in the play? Read our complete guide to and analysis of all the characters in The Crucible. Confused about the actions Abigail takes in the context of The Crucible? We’ve got plot summaries for the acts she appears in. How does Abigail's character fit into the greater themes of The Crucible? Delve into the themes of The Crucible with this article. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: