Chapter one quiz

To evaluate a work of art properly we must deal with it in the context of: culture that produced it b) art museums c) our own values d) our own time a) the 10. According to Assayer (p. 19), what are the three steps in the process of â€Å"seeing†? A) detection, processing, reference b) reception, extraction, inference c) looking, seeing, believing d) reception, interpreting, understanding 11. In The Language of Art, what, according to Nelson Goodman (p. 18), â€Å"selects, rejects, organizes, discriminates, associates, classifies, analyzes, and constructs†? The museum curator b) the Quintal Program c) the artist Jasper Johns 12. How is Arena Montana's Bushfire and Corroboree Dreaming similar to Robert Smithson Spiral Jetty (up. 14-15)? A) similar size and shape b) same subject matter c) each uses abstract symbols d) both use the same medium Short Answer Questions 13. Part of Albert Birthrate's influence for his painting The Rocky Mountains came from a very different sou rce. What was it? 14. Why was Robert Smithson Spiral Jetty different from traditional landscapes? 15.Give an example from the textbook of an artwork used for political purposes. 16. There are two basic steps to seeing. The first is physical; the second is 17. In Christi and Jeanne Clause's Umbrella Project, what two factors connect the two different sets of umbrellas to their locations? And 18. What aspect of ancient Australian ideology did Arena Motto include in his painting, Bushfire and Corroboree Dreaming? 19. Www Sheen's landscape, The Central Mountains, raises an ordinary landscape scene to a higher level of beauty, what the Chinese call Essay Questions 20.How did Christi and Jeanne-Claude conceive the Umbrella Project? What was the intended symbolism of the umbrellas themselves? The color? Geographic location? 21 . Using the works of Arena Motto and Www Chem., discuss the various ways in which artists describe their world. 22. There are four roles that artists play that have not changed over the centuries. What are these roles and cite examples from Chapter 1 for each role. 23. Using examples from the chapter, how do works of art featuring the American 24. Explain how Albert Birthrate's Rocky Mountains represents the â€Å"sublime. †

Disregard of Moral Values Lead to Unethical Deeds Essay

This greed for money has crossed the limits of all ethical standards, regard and consideration for fellow men, or sympathy and compassion. All these things seem to have gone with the wind and are among the major casualties of the post-independence period. This development can be considered quite a new one, probably an accompaniment of the modern technological development which is . taking place rapidly in this country, as the malaise has especially afflicted the young and the middle aged people. The increasing attraction towards the modern glamorous lifestyles, big cars and bungalows, gorgeous dresses and jewellery has such effect on people that they would not hesitate to resort tovalues all means, unfair to acquire wealth and all luxuries of life. This mad obsession for reaching the top is the dream of everybody, and as such the moral and ethical values do not seem to have any place. Morality is often defined as the doctrine of actions right or wrong it is synonymous with ethics. Moralists are selfless and preach justice in every sphere of life. If people tend to observe morals, they will constitute a healthy and sound society. Morality knows nothing of the geographical boundaries or distinctions of race or color in modern age, the traditional values which are in themselves moral and symbols of rectitude, have been radically transformed. Most of the principles are in a flux and human convictions based a rich human experience are in the melting pot. Obsessions with circumstances and the peculiar conditions prevailing in a region have proved so overpowering that everything else is thrown overboard. Excessive wealth does not necessarily promote culture and intelligence. In fact, the ostentatious and luxurious living that wealth promotes, causes a notable deterioration in character and conception of values. Rarely do highly intelligent people, famous writers or artiest belong to rich families. Since wealth itself has the habit of diminishing fast, most of those who possess it go to any extent, even to the adoption of unethical practices and dishonesty to acquire more wealth. This leads to further decay and deterioration of character. India’s Poet Laureate, Rabindra Nath Tagore warned. â€Å"Greed of wealth and power can never have a limit; a compromise on self-control can never attain the final spirit of reconciliation.

How to write a essay Essay

Getting into college could be as easy as memorizing the alphabet just like a preschooler. But, getting into college with a scholarship is a whole different thing. From the thousands of college applicants aiming for a scholarship, how will you make your essay application stand out? There are millions of essay examples over the internet but, you need to come up with an essay that will get you that scholarship. Tips on How to Write a Good Scholarship Essay: 1. Read instructions carefully College application can become a common thing for you. You might actually get the feeling of doing the same thing over and over like answering the same question for the nth number of times. No matter how similar college applications are, you have to read and understand the instructions well. If you want to land on a good school for college with a scholarship, everything starts with reading and comprehending the instructions. 2. Organize your thoughts After reading the instructions, it’s time to line up your thoughts to make an effective essay that will get you that scholarship. Look for essay samples on the internet or in books. Have a sort of survey from resources that will help you fill in the contents of your essay. It is difficult to start writing an essay, but with organized ideas, you can do it efficiently and effectively. 3. Make an outline When you get a general idea of the essay contents, you can now make an outline of specific details that will be included in your composition. Essay examples usually present general ideas down to the specific. Having an outline is very helpful to keep your essay consistent and focused on a particular topic. 4. Discuss every topic based on the instruction Paying attention to details or instructions is actually part of writing the essay for a scholarship application. Make sure that every topic asked in the essay questions is discussed in the whole composition. Remember that you only have one chance of writing an essay that will make a lasting impression on your college application. 5. Use simple language format and make sure your grammar is perfect Do not try to impress readers of your essay. Even if you are in college, you are not expected to use highfaluting words, but rather make your sentences simple and clear. No matter how technical your vocabulary is but poor grammar is an indication of a lousy essay. 6. Avoid bragging about your achievements Although it is important that you include your achievements as this will help your scholarship application, however you only need to do this if you are asked to do so. Avoid bragging, instead, talk about your achievements simply. It is also good to include the lessons you have learned in gaining such success. 7. Have someone edit and check your work To ensure that you are submitting an essay that will get you the scholarship, have an expert check your work. An editor or a previous professor can help you improve and validate how excellent or poor your essay is. Essay Writing First paragraph — Introduction The first paragraph is essential in capturing the attention of your readers. It is called an introduction as it gives an overview of what your essay is all about. The first paragraph should be similar to an â€Å"About Me† part of a reading material. Make it as simple as possible and dynamically connected to your next point. Second Paragraph – Important Details The second paragraph should support your introduction. This section includes more detail and usually the start of elaboration for every point or question. Say for example, state reasons why you should qualify for the scholarship; state your accomplishments; why are you choosing a particular course and the like. Third paragraph – Future Goals The third paragraph should speak of your future goals and your vision after pursuing a college degree. Goals have to be specific, and should reflect an action plan after your college graduation. Fourth paragraph – The Best Candidate End your essay by stating reasons why you are the best candidate to be chosen for the scholarship. State two to three main points from the previous paragraphs. Do not forget to note your appreciation for the readers of your essay for taking the time to read your essay. Composing your ideas and putting them in writing is never easy. It can be stressful and puts on a lot of pressure, especially when your future depends on this essay for a scholarship grant. There are many essay examples you can find on the web today.

Violations at the workplace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 37

Violations at the workplace - Case Study Example In this case, the informal complaint did not cause OSHA to send a letter, but the inspector showed up nonetheless. The important thing is for the inspector to show a warrant that allows him to carry out any inspection in the workplace. In fact, the Supreme Court declared that no OSHA inspections should take place without the availability of a warrant or consent to enter a workplace for inspection (Bailey et al., 2008). Further, the individual is grumpy and well known for his disgruntlement, which is something that should be taken into consideration. If more than 80% of complaints are false, the inspector cannot continue acting without consulting the management. OSHA requires a warrant at this time because the issues the disgruntled employee reported could be dealt with at the corporate level (Lasowski, 2010). Having to ask for an inspection because of a disgruntled employee will inconvenience the management, and it is important that the OSHA inspector sits with the management and dis cusses the issues taking place. This will also lead to consented inspection to prove that the company has taken into consideration everything discussed and complained about by the employee. After the inspector leaves, I will take the initiative to sit down with the employee and discuss issues at the workplace. The employee must respect the rules and regulations at the workplace, and offer undivided support towards the accomplishment of goals within the organization. If more than 80% of complaints are false.

Report on Religious Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report on Religious Field Research - Essay Example When I listened to Boundless Light Sangha (live meditation and Dharma message service) sitting at my home, I realized that Buddhism is much more than we think it is. I came to know many things about Buddhism that I didn’t know before and yes, definitely some misunderstandings were cleared. Buddhism is basically more of a saintly religion which focuses mainly on the personal religious development and accomplishment of profound insight into the genuine nature of life. It is a philosophy of enlightenment, meditation, morality, and wisdom (Boundless Light Sangha, 2012). The biggest conflict people have about Buddhism is whether it is a religion or not. It primarily depends on how you define religion. Some people define religion as the belief in the presence of one or more than one deities. According to this definition, Buddhism is not a religion. But, others exclude deities from the definition of religion and according to them, Buddhism is a religion. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, religion is any defined set or system of worship and belief which involves adoration of a supernatural entity. Pertaining to this definition, Buddhism would not be considered a religion. But then again, as I described earlier, there are more than 300 million practitioners of Buddhism all around the world and this wasn’t possible if all these people didn’t regard it to be a religion (In Guralnik, 1970). The second biggest misconception most of us have about Buddhism is that it is a pagan religion which means that they usually belief in gods or gods other than the usual worldwide accepted Christian God. However, Buddhists don’t usually restrict themselves to God or god(s). They are mainly focused about Dharma, which is not a belief into god or god(s). It is belief in reality or truth. Therefore, when a tragic or depressing event occur in our lives or our loved ones, Buddhists, like people of other religion won’t ask â€Å"Why did you do this to me God?!† That is

Voting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voting - Research Paper Example Currently, voting instruction seems to be developed largely by election. Administrators, sometimes in collaboration with election system vendors, sometimes in collaboration with other interested parties. Rarely, and possibly, never, are proposed voting instruction subjected to any type of experimental or field testing before their implementations†. (Voting Instructions) In Europe and USA side Direct Recording Electronic voting machines are use. The DRE’s processes are not all the same everywhere. Each has its own style, and that style has significances for where instructions are needed or not needed. Sometimes, the instructions are inconsistent, don’t consider voters likely mistakes, don’t cover important situations, use words which voters may not know and put the action before the context. While writing the instruction of voting we should always think about the possible ways in which people will misread the instruction from their other experiences. Consider US, its order to register vote for all states. An applicant must be a U.S. citizen, a legal resident of state, and 18 years old on before Election Day. A person who declared mentally incomplete or a person who is serving time in prison does not allow permission to vote. In developed countries, voting registration is the responsibility of the government; either local or nati onal, some form of compulsory voting is required as a part of each citizen’s civil duty. In other countries, if people are eligible to vote must opt in to be allowed to participate in vote, as a rule by filling out a specific form registering them to vote. (Voter Registration Information) Voting is important because its provide an authoritative way to voice our opinions regarding elected leaders and overall policies, voting helps us to decide our own future by electing a person who might muse our own views. If the right to vote no longer existed, the country would no longer survive as

The Impact of Logistics and Supply Chain on Maritime Transportation Research Proposal

The Impact of Logistics and Supply Chain on Maritime Transportation - Research Proposal Example Logistics and supply chain has emerged from being a supporting service for businesses to a mainstream service for businesses across the globe. The maritime industry has also adopted new concepts of logistics and supply chain and has been benefitted by the use of the new concepts and methodologies of logistics. The modern day maritime transportation industry has become an avid user of logistics and supply chain and has been constantly transforming it to meet the emerging needs of the global business environment through the effective use of supply chain management and logistics activities. In this respect, many challenges and opportunities are created by logistics and supply chain in this mode of transportation. Also, there have been numerous positive benefits and some negative impacts of supply chain and logistics on maritime transportation as an important industry. The main objective of the research is to find out the positive and negative impacts of the logistics and supply chain in the maritime transportation sector. The secondary objectives of the research works are to understand how the maritime transportation industry is affected by the evolution of the logistics and supply chain management in the industry and how the use of new concepts and technologies in this industry has led to the creation of new opportunities as well as challenges for the maritime transportation industry. The research questions are formulated to find out what the research paper wants to answer through the study. Research questions form the basis of the direction of the study and also help in selecting a proper research methodology and design of the research paper. The research questions for this study are selected and prepared on the basis of the scopes of the research and the primary objectives of the research. Since, the main objective of this research paper is to identify and evaluate the various positive as well as

The relationship of ethical climate Research Paper

The relationship of ethical climate - Research Paper Example The wars fought to be a monarch, the brawls between various political parties, the rivalry for becoming the head of department and the intense competition to become the CEO symbolizes the inborn fancy humans have for Control ,command and to have immense clout to pilot people. This task is however not a piece of cake, while leading and managing people a person is not merely administering a subordinate or an inferior. If we place ourselves in the shoes of a manager or a higher authority, it would be an easy deduction that one has to tackle a substantial array of different ‘’psychological’’ conducts and has to knob the infinite mood swings at times. There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. F or instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management.   Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. (J, 2006).  ... There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. For instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management. Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. Other costs of turnover are associated with selecting, orienting and training new workers (Billikopf, 2003). So the healthier alternative is to craft some on-job techniques and corrective measures th at can improve the working ambiance. Details: Around the world the managers and officials are trying to manage the digressions of their problematic subordinates. There are different procedures that are chalked out by people to direct the trouble-creators. For instance confrontation, 360 degrees feedback, termination, environmental upgrading and augmentation in incentives are the few things that are commonly practiced to humanize the negative mind-sets. But if certain sociological theories of deviance are considered profoundly they portray another side of the picture. As in the ‘’labeling theory’’ states that the deviance is socially constructed process in

Crime Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime - Movie Review Example f actus reus) is that it comprises all the elements of the definition of the offence except those that relate to the mental element (mens rea) required on the part of the accused." (Allen; p.18) The actus reus of murder requires that a person is killed unlawfully under the Queen's peace. Queen's Peace - in times of peace rather than war time. Unlawful - that there is no lawful excuse or justification. Person means a human being. Lord Lane, C.J. in R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025, states: "Where the charge is murder and in the rare cases where the simple direction is not enough, the jury should be directed that they are not entitled to infer the necessary intention, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a result of the defendant's actions and that the defendant appreciated that such was the case, the decision being for the jury to decide on a consideration of all the evidence." Mens rea: (Gammon Ltd v Attorney General of Hong Kong, 1985) The above case was decided as: "In their Lordships' opinion, the law relevant to this appeal may be stated in the following propositions: (1) There is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be guilty of a criminal offence (2) The presumption is particularly strong where the offence is truly criminal in character; (3) The presumption applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced only if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute; (4) The only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern, and public safety is such an issue; (5) Even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands... "Murder is when a man of sound memory, and of the age of discretion, unlawfully killeth within any country of the realm any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the King's peace, with malice aforethought, either expressed by the party or implied by law, so as the party wounded, or hurt, etc. die of the wound or hurt, etc. within a year and a day after the same." "A useful working definition (of actus reus) is that it comprises all the elements of the definition of the offence except those that relate to the mental element (mens rea) required on the part of the accused." (Allen; p.18) "Where the charge is murder and in the rare cases where the simple direction is not enough, the jury should be directed that they are not entitled to infer the necessary intention, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a result of the defendant's actions and that the defendant appreciated that such was the case, the decision being for the jury to decide on a consideration of all the evidence." (5) Even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging greater vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited

Point cloud- technical report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Point cloud- technical report - Essay Example enabling the point clouds to be used for a number of uses, which include the creation of the 3D CAD models, which are used in the manufacture of various parts. In addition, the point clouds are beneficial in animation, mass customization functionality (MCEACHRON, 2010). Despite the fact the point clouds can be expressly submitted and inspected, they are not expressly usable in majority of the 3D applications. In this cases, the point clouds are first converted into the either the polygon or triangle mesh before use. Such applications include the industrial computed tomography. This essay seeks to highlight the fundamental aspects of the Trimble GS 200 and how it is used in focusing and identifying targets. In addition, the essay will illustrate the method attributed to target identification. This is a type of terrestrial scanner, which helps in acquiring intense and precise 3D data of a scene. The instrument works well to achieve quality data in a milieu free of systematic distortions. The instrument is apt in capturing coordinates and surface data. This is possible through the leading-edge technology. In addition, the Trimble GS series provides an extreme versatility to meet the ever-trending challenges in the market. Use of the Trimble’s 3D data-editing software assures data sets, which are advanced in terms of the final deliverables. On a similar note, the GS series scanners offer both the indoor and outdoor examination through 360 degrees (HeÃŒ no, & Chandelier 2014). The Trimble scanner has a maximized performance of 200 m. the instrument’s Over Scan technology is attributed to the ability of capturing data up to 350 m. other attributes of this instruments include the real time true color, high resolution and panoramic snapshot among many others. It is imperative to note that all these factors work together to offer increase productivity and functionality of the Trimble GS series scanner. The calibration of the GS200 was done twice independently in a

Customer Service at Richer Sounds Essay Example for Free

Customer Service at Richer Sounds Essay Richer Sounds believe that the most important measure of the success would be to give all their customers a great service and satisfaction. This is even important than making the profit margins high and gaining a lot of profit this is because Any organisation can increase their profits by increasing prices of goods, buying cheaper and low quality goods, cutting down on employees and many more but doing this Richer Sounds believe that there wont be good customer service due to less employees, customers wont purchase any expensive products which is not of good quality and through this they will keep losing customers The company believes once a customer purchases a product and thinks it was at low price and also sees it is off good quality with an excellent customer service given to him the he/she will always tend to come back to purchase more goods, in-fact the customer may also tell some of its friends and families about the prices that Richer Sounds have and like this the company will benefit in getting new and new customers all the time. How Richer Sounds strive to achieve superb customer service They think the following are important: Management commitment this means every director and every manager states the customer service as most essential in the business. This also means spending money to give excellent services Recruiting and training right people Colleagues are looked at their personalities and attitude while there are been giving an interview. All colleagues that have been given the job have a 3 day induction course which even concentrates in training the new colleagues how to give an excellent customer service Motivated colleagues if all colleagues are treated well and valued they will give good service to customers. For this reason the colleague support function is so critical. Measuring the results The best way to find the right results are to ask customer themselves therefore Richer Sounds does this through it sales questionnaires. Richer Sounds also have a mystery shopper who looks how well the colleagues manage their customers and how greatly they give customer service. The company also has telephone call system, which is been recorded, and through this they check how well store colleagues answer to customer problems. A customer friendly environment this include the ease of walking around the store, the layout of the store and how well are the products displayed and also how well each customer will be able to search for his/her product The company insist their colleagues to wear smart clear clothes with clear name badges and to greet all their customers. Responding to customer needs Training in customer service All new colleagues have to attend the three day induction course before they are allowed to serve customers. While doing this course they are also taught on the aspects of customer service, which includes: How to approach a customer within the stores Richer Sounds has several policies on approaching a customer such as: Not to approach a customer as soon as they have entered the store for any help, Once a customer enters they should greet them by saying hello and most strict rule is to not approach anyone from behind because it may scare them and only approach from the side or from the front The appearance of the colleagues all colleagues working in the sores have to were the Richer Sounds uniform with a name badge on it How to cope on busy days All tills must be used to serve customers and try to serve quite faster. When the queues are very long colleagues should offer customers standing and not standing in the queues a cup of tea or coffee. Usually no customers like to wait in queues especially when the store I very crowded. How to ask questions to customers colleagues should ask questions relating on the type of product they are looking for and not to encourage customers to buy items they dont wont because richer sounds believe this is the worse thing to do. How to handle payments the company uses all types of credit cards or any type of purchase whether the item is 99p or even if the item is i 99. 99. This is because there are times when people wont to pay later for the item they need because you get a time period to pay the amount and there are times when customers may have forgot their money at home but want to purchase the item so they can use the credit card. Due to this reason no one may leave the store without anything just because they forgot their money. How to cope with technical questions Health and safety each colleague should know how to take actions in emergency to do this they may need this training How to deal customers who have disabilities All colleagues should have respect for customers who have disabilities and should help them in all ways for which product they are looking for. All colleagues should be truthful in what they sell and how much they take because if there is a blind person needing a tape player the colleagues shouldnt charge more money to what it should be. How Richer Sounds Identify Customer needs and Expectation There are three main ways how richer sounds identify customer needs and expectation, which are: The till receipt questionnaires these are most important questionnaires because everyone who purchases a product will receive and if they taught they did get treated well at the store then he/she may fill the questionnaires. These questionnaires are also seen everytime the customers will see the receipt and so next time when they may come back to the store to purchase another item then they could also bring the filled questionnaires with them.

Dont Blame the Eater Essay Example for Free

Dont Blame the Eater Essay In his article dont blame the eater Zinczenko blames the food industry for the obesity epidemic. Zinczenko opens his articles with a personal story about growing up eating fast food because his parents split up, his mom had to work and he had no other options. He goes on to give statistics on childhood diabetes due to obesity. Zinczenko then insists that complicating the lack of alternatives is the lack of information about what exactly were consuming. over all Zinczenko is advocating changes in the fast food industry because he believes there is a direct link between obesity, monies spent on fast food advertising and the costs of health care. I agree with Zinczenko that the fast food industry needs to change by as Zinczenko put it â€Å"providing the nutrition information people need to make informed choices about their products. However I question his claim of not blaming the eater that the food industry is to blame for todays rate of childhood obesity. After all I do believe as Zinczenko states â€Å"shouldn’t we know better than to eat two meals a day in fast food restaurants? † Growing up my parents divorced and, like Zinczenko, I was a latch key kid. Everyday my parents made sure my brother and I had lunch for school and dinner that night. As a parent today I understand the pressure of taking care of things, kids, school, work, extracurricular activities, laundry, making dinner and then trying to squeeze in quality time with the family and possibly a social life. With all that going on we always have a choice. I make my family and what they eat a priority, so I make it a point to buy health easy snacks like fruit, yogurt, cheese sticks, and granola bars. Dont get me wrong we buy and eat cookies, and on a Friday night dinner is takeout. But the rest of the week I make it a priority to cook and eat at home. This means planning ahead, it may mean I cook in advance during a really busy week, we will have leftovers once a week and the crockpot at times is my best friend. I do it because the health of my family is important to me and I choose not to feed them fast foods. Over all I believe it is the responsibility of the individual and the parents of children to make the right choices and to educate themselves and their children about making the right choices and typo educate themselves and their children about healthy eating habits. Hopefully with education and the help of government regulations we can help guide people into making better choices and help fight disease due to obesity, after all as Zinczenko said the problem isnt just theres its all of ours.

Case Study On A Patient With Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Case Study On A Patient With Pulmonary Tuberculosis The case that is about to be discussed here revolves around a patient diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient that was clerked, Mrs A, was a 61 year old woman. She was a Malay housewife. Her Body Mass Index value of 26.0 kg/m2 based on her height of 1.58 m and weight of 65 kg indicated that she fell into the overweight range. The patient was admitted to the Accident Emergency mode transferred in from another hospital via an ambulance. She presented symptoms such as shortness of breath(SOB) and her respiratory rate was 20 breaths per minute. She appeared pale and weak and her blood glucose levels were low (2.1 mmol/l) and her blood pressure values indicated she was hypertensive with a value of 152/93 mmHg. Upon physical examination, mild leg swelling was observed. Based on her past medical history, patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis for the past 3 months, hypertension for the past 5 years, diabetes for the past 5 years and advanced renal failure for the past 6 months. Upon enquiry, she was seen to be a non-smoker and a non alcoholic. Patient lived with her daughter. Several investigations were performed to evaluate the patients condition. A positive sputum smear test indicated that the patients tuberculosis was still active. Upon renal function assessment, creatinine clearance was calculated and a value of 5.5 ml/min indicated Stage 5 renal failure. Her potassium and urea levels were also above range based on Table 1. Upon haematology assessment, her low blood sugar levels indicated hypoglycaemia and patients haemoglobin count was also low signifying anemia. Chest X ray was conducted on this patient and minor lesions at the apical segments of the upper lobe were seen. This is a typical radiographic representation of patients with tuberculosis. Table 1: Results of the investigations performed Laboratory Test Readings Normal range Sputum Smear Test Positive Renal Function Creatinine, Cr Urea Potassium, K+ 912 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/l 37.8 mmol/l 5.5 mmol/l 44-80 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/l 1.7 8.5 mmol/l 3.5 5.0 mmol/l Haematology Assessment Blood Sugar Level Haemoglobin 2.1 mmol/l 9.8 g/dl 4.5 6.0 mmol/l 13.5 18 g/dl Table 2 provides details about patients drug history giving information about patients drugs and their respective doses. Upon interview, patient informed that she had not been purchasing any over the counter medications. She also has no known drug allergy. Table 2 : Drug History and their respective doses and their indication Drug Dose Duration Indication Rifampicin 300 mg OD 2 months Anti TB Isoniazid 200 mg OD 2 months Anti TB Pyrazinamide 750 mg OD 2 months Anti TB Ethambutol 600 mg OD 2 months Anti TB Pyridoxine 20 mg OD 2 months Treatment of neuropathy Gliclazide 40 mg OD 5 years Anti diabetic Prazosin 2 mg TDS 5 years Anti Hypertensive Furosemide 80 mg OD 5 years Anti Hypertensive Nifedipine 20 mg TDS 5 years Anti Hypertensive Based on the investigations performed, the patient was diagnosed to be suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Patients daily condition was monitored and appropriate management was undertaken to control the patients condition. Patients overall progress is tabulated in the table 3 and the observation is recorded. Table 3 : Patients clinical progress and management Day Clinical Progress Management 1 Hypoglycemia = 2.1 mmol/L AFB test positive Chest X ray performed SOB Hyperkalaemia ( 5.5 mol/L) Anemic ( 9.8 g/dL) BP : 152/93 mmHg Strict fluid intake IV Dextrose 10%/24 hours Refer to chest physician Lesions at upper lobes NPO2 to resolve SOB Start on Calcium polystyrene Start Ferrous (IV) sulphate Start antihypertensives Monitor input output 2 AFB test +ve Blood Sugar Level = 3.0 mmol/L BP : 140/90 mmHg Start TB regimen (EHRZ) Continue IV Dextrose 10% Monitor Blood Glucose Continue antihypertensives 3 Blood Sugar level = 3.2 mmol/L Severe renal impairment ( CrCl =5.6 ml/min ) Chest X ray done time to time BP : 130/70 mmHg Continue dextrose infusion Send patient for dialysis Lesions still present Continue antihypertensives 4 No SOB Hypoglycaemia resolved = 5.5 mmol/L AFB +ve BP : 130/75 mmHg Remove nasal prongs Stop Dextrose. Monitor blood glucose Continue TB regimen 6 K+ level in normal range ( 4.5 mmol/L) Blood Sugar level = 6.0 mmol/L CrCl = 7.7 ml/min BP : 130/65 mmHg Stop Calcium polystyrene. Monitor blood glucose Send patient for dialysis 8 Hyperglycemia = 11.1 mmol/L BP : 125/75 mmHg Start on Insulin DM counselling 13 AFB -ve DXT = 10.2 mmol/L BP : 120/70 mmHg Transfer out of isolation Continue insulin. Monitor blood glucose Based on patients presentation and results from investigations performed on day 1, patient was started on dextrose and her blood glucose levels were regularly monitored. Based on patients previous history, a sputum smear test was ordered and two consecutive positive results resulted in the patient being referred to the chest physician. A chest X ray was performed and lesions in the apical segment were present. To resolve patients SOB, patient was started on Nasal Prongs at 3L/min. To control her hyperkalemia, patient was given calcium polystyrene sulphonate powder. Patient was also started on ferrous sulphate infusion to help her cope with her anaemia. A strict fluid intake was imposed on patient to resolve her leg swelling and this was monitored through an input output chart. Her blood pressure (BP) levels were also elevated and patient was given antihypertensives such as nifedipine, prazosin and furosemide to control her BP. On day 2, her sputum smear remained positive and patient was commenced on the intial phase therapy for tuberculosis which consists of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was not much improvement in her blood glucose levels and patient was remained on the dextrose infusion. Moving on to day 3, not much improvement was observed and due to patients deteriorating renal function, patient was sent for peritoneal dialysis. By day 4, patient could breath normally and no shortness of breath was seen. Nasal prongs were removed. When her blood glucose levels were monitored, the results indicated patient was within the normal range and dextrose was withheld. Blood glucose levels were still monitored to prevent sudden drops and increase in blood glucose. Her potassium levels were within range by day 6 and calcium polystyrene sulphonate was stopped and potassium levels were monitored as well. Patient suffered from a hyperglycemia episode on day 8 and the patient was given biphasic insulin to treat this condition. By this day, her BP was also in the normal range but the antihypertensives were still continued. On day 13, patient was transferred out of the isolation ward as her sputum smear test produced negative results. Patients condition for tuberculosis was still being monitored. Her blood glucose levels were still in the high range and patient was to be continued on insulin. To summarize this case, patients active tuberculosis state should be managed well to ensure patient does not suffer from further complications that might arise in the future. Patients history was well noted and this helped in treating the patient in early stages. Adequate investigations were performed to assist the healthcare professional team to diagnose the patient and also to manage the patient. Patient was admitted for a long period but the appropriate management that was undertaken resulted in improvement in patients condition. Further care for the patient would improve the patients quality of life in the future Pathophysiology and Incidence Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that has plagued many nations across the world. Based on the report by World Health Organization (WHO), almost 9.4 million cases of TB were reported 3. It is highly common of those with TB to contract the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and a prevalence of almost 1.7 million deaths from TB among HIV-negative people was recorded around the globe 3. In the United Kingdom, an increasing trend in TB incidence has been reported and this is shown in Figure 1. In 2008, a rate of 14 per 100 000 population in the UK were reported to be suffering from TB 4. Malaysia on the other hand has a higher record of TB cases with 103 per 100 000 population being reported in 2007. Table 1 summarizes some of the data obtained from World Health Organization 3. Figure 1: Number of TB cases reported in the UK from 2000 to 2008 4 Table 1: Statistics displaying number of TB cases in Malaysia in 2007 3 All In HIV + people Incidence All forms of TB (per 100 000 population) 103 17 Mortality All forms of TB (per 100 000 population) 121 8.3 Multi-drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) MDR-TB among new cases (%) 0.1 Notified relapse cases (per 100 000 pop/yr) 61 The bacteria that is responsible for this disease is the acid fast bacilli aerobic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1. A key feature that enables this bacterium to survive would be its unique cell wall. Mycolic acids are linked covalently to arabinogalactan that provides a barrier to host defense mechanism. Antigens such as lipoarabinomannan present on the exterior of the cell wall facilitate the survival of the organism within macrophages 1. Tuberculosis is spread usually spread within droplets containing the microorganism that are produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes or even talks 1,2. Figure 1 gives a schematic impression of the progression of the disease. The inhaled droplets are initially trapped by dendritic cells that act to expel any foreign particles out. Most mycobacteria are able to surpass this defense mechanism and travels further to the alveoli where it gets ingested by macrophages 1. It then undergoes intracellular replication that might take duration o f 4 to 6 weeks. Cytokines are further released during this period and this attracts T lymphocytes that are involved in mediating a cell immune response. The next natural defense system step would be the formation of granuloma that contains the activated T lymphocytes and macrophages. These nodular lesions disable further spread of the disease as the environment within restricts the growth of the bacilli and a latent period occurs 1. For less immunocompetent individuals, the granuloma will not be able to contain the bacilli and the active disease takes form 1. Figure 1: Image depicting the progress of tuberculosis 2 The diagnostic tests available are summarized in Table 2. TB can be divided to latent and active and to diagnose each different test has been recommended. For latent TB, Mantoux test can be carried out and those with positive results can be considered for QuantiFERON TB test 5. To diagnose active pulmonary TB, a chest X-ray would be taken followed by multiple sputum samples that are sent for smear test 5. Table 2: Diagnostic tests available for tuberculosis 1 Variable Purpose Time required for results Sputum smear Detect acid fast bacilli Sputum culture Identify M tuberculosis 3-6 weeks with solid media, 4-14 days with high-pressure liquid chromatography Tuberculin skin test/ Mantoux Detect exposure to mycobacteria 48 72 hours QuantiFERON TB-test Measure immune reactivity to M tuberculosis 12 24 hours Chest radiography Visualize lobar infiltrates with cavitation Minutes The drugs that are commonly used in tuberculosis are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Rifampicin is a bactericidal agent that inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the ß subunit of RNA polymerase. It can be given via oral administration and can even be distributed to the central nervous system due to its lipophilicity. Metabolism of this drug occurs in the liver and it is usually excreted in the urine. Isoniazid is a bactericidal pro-drug that inhibits ketoenoylreductase enzyme, InhA, that is responsible in synthesizing mycolic acids. Isoniazid can be administered orally, intramuscularly or intravenously and is acetylated in the liver and subsequently excreted in the urine. Pyridoxine 10 mg is given concurrently to minimize this risk. Pyrazinamide is another prodrug that is activated by nicotinamidase to pyrazinoic acid. This component at low pH carries proton into the cell and collapses the proton motive force present in the mycobacterium which results in cell d eath. It is only bactericidal against non growing bacilli forms.. Ethambutol works by binding to arabinosyl transferase enzyme and inhibits the polymerization of the cell wall arabinan component. Table 3 gives the details of the dose and side effects reported with the administration of the tuberculosis drugs. Table 3: Tuberculosis drugs with their respective doses and side effects 6,7 Drug Dose Side effects Isoniazid 5 -8 mg/kg (max 300 mg) Peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicty Rifampicin 10 15 mg/kg (max 600 mg) Nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, orange discolouration of urine Pyrazinamide 20 40 mg/kg ( max 1.5 g 50 kg) Nausea , vomitting, hyperuricemia Ethambutol 15 25 mg/kg Neuropathy, red green color blindness Evidence based medication review Treatment for Tuberculosis In the past three decades, no new drugs have been discovered in fighting TB. The 4 drugs have been the gold standard in treating TB The chemotherapy regimen available for tuberculosis therapy can be divided to the initial phase and the continuation phase. In the initial phase, drugs such as rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol are used 6. These drugs act to decrease the amount of bacteria present and also prevent resistance from emerging from the strains. This regimen is usually for 2 months. The continuation phase would consist of drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin. Isoniazid was the first drug to be introduced into combating tuberculosis back in the 1950s. Rifampicin , an antibiotic, was later added to the market and was added to the isoniazid regimen in 1967. This resulted in shortening the duration of treatment from 12 months to a 6 to 9 month treatment 9. Addition of pyrazinamide to the regimen decreased the chemotherapy duration further. Clinical studies have indicated that a pyrazinamide containing short course regimen had a sputum negative conversion rate of 70-95% in the first two months compared to the treatment without pyrazinamide 11. The relapse rates recorded from these studies also were only 4%. A clinical study conducted in East Africa compared the four 6-month daily regimens that comprised of Streptomycin, Isoniazid and Rifampicin (SHR), Streptomycin, Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide (SHZ); Streptomycin, Isoniazid and thiacetazone (SHZ) and Streptomycin and Isoniazid (SH) 10. The SHZ regimen that was the most effective amongst all the regimens and the SHR regimen had the lowest relapse rate of 2% 30 months post treatment 10. No significant difference results were obtained from the treatment regimen that was carried out for 18 months 10. This study gives an impression of the efficacy of the isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide regimen when used together In a Poland study, the efficacy of the 4 different drug regimens containing rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol were assessed. During the initial phase, patients were given isoniazid 300 mg, rifampicin 600 mg and ethambutol 25 mg/kg 8. In the continuation phase the regimens given to patients comprised of rifampicin 600 mg, isoniazid 15mg/kg(Regimen A), isoniazid 15 mg/kg rifampicin 600 mg twice a week (Regimen B), Isoniazid 15kg/mg, rifampicin 600 mg ethambutol 50mg/kg once a week (Regimen C) and Isoniazid 15mg/kg, rifampicin 600 mg, ethambutol 50mg/kg twice a week (Regimen D) 8. The result of this study demonstrated that Regimen D had 47% of its patients displaying a significant change in their sputum result to a negative result compared to the other regimens. There were no significant differences in rates between all regimens by the end of the fifth month as all patients had their sputum converted to negative. This study had the limitation of not including pyrazinamide in its regi men but it can be seen that to achieve a quicker rate of sputum negative cultures a regimen containing ethambutol could be used in the continuation phase. A trial conducted by Jindani et al. assessed the effectiveness of daily dosing of the intial phase drugs compared to the intermittent thrice weekly dosing. The drugs that were assessed were isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. The doses that were given to the patients were based on WHO recommendations. The outcome measured after 2 months had 77% of the patients with negative sputum cultures after their 2 month stint (p=0.001) 13. A similar study was conducted in Hong Kong with the difference being a 12 month follow up period. By the end of the second month, 94% of patient receiving the daily regimen had improved. 90% of those under the intermittent regimen also had improved by the second month. Over the long term follow up, more relapse cases were recorded but the values were not significant 14. Hypoglycemia Treatment Patient was hypoglycemic upon arrival and dextrose infusion was provided to restore the patients normal blood glucose range. Two forms of treatment are usually available for hypoglycemic attacks namely glucagon and dextrose infusion. A study compared the efficacy between both the options and it was observed that both were capable of treating hypoglycemia effectively. The only disparity observed was the recovery. Patients on dextrose infusion are capable of regaining consciousness by 4 minutes compared to 6 minutes for patients that were on glucagon ( p Table 4 : Results of 51 hypoglycemic patients treated with dextrose 10% and dextrose 50% 27 Dextrose 10% Dextrose 50% Median time needed to attain recovery (minutes) 8 8 Median total dose administered 10g ( p 25g (p Median post treatment blood sugar levels 6.2 mmol/l (p=0.003) 9.4 mmol/l (p=0.003) Diabetes Treatment Oral antidiabetic agents such as gliclazide in the patients drug history would not be sufficient for her to have proper control over her glycemic levels. It was reported that tuberculosis affects the hormonal secretion by interfering with endocrinal organs such as pancreas 15. Rifampicin reduces the concentration of gliclazide by inducing liver microsomal enzymes CYP 2C9 that rapidly eliminates gliclazide from circulating in the system 15,16,17. In a study by Park et al., patients given with 80 mg gliclazide had the concentration of the drug present in the body reduced by 70% on day 7. The elimination half life of the drug also increased 3 fold 17. All these contribute to the inability of the sulfonyluea to reduce the glucose levels in this patient. According to the stepwise approach in NICE guidelines, the next step to manage this patient would be to start the insulin regimen18. The type of insulin that was given was biphasic Mixtard insulin analogue that consists of a short acting analogue and also a long acting analogue. P.V. Rao reported that, due to the insulin resistance present in patients started on anti Tb therapy, the doses of insulin needed to manage these patients increase 15. It is well proven that insulin can achieve better HbA1c levels as a clinical trial by United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) revealed that after 9 years monotherapy with insulin, 28% of patients achieved HbA1c levels below 7% and 42% patients achieved fasting plasma glucose levels below 7.8 mmol/l 19. Hypertension Treatment Patient was suffering from Stage 5 renal disease and the target for blood pressure in this patient would be 125/75 mm Hg 20. First line treatment for this patient would be loop diuretic, furosemide 20. They act by inhibiting the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter on the ascending limb of loop of Henle which results in natriuresis and hence a fall in blood volume 21. This loop diuretic also performs its vasodilator actions via prostaglandin (PGE2 and prostacyclin) formation. This results in an increased blood flow in the medulla 21. In accordance to SIGN guidelines as well, long acting dihyrdopyridines such as nifedipine and ÃŽÂ ± blockers can be added as supplementary therapy 20. Nifedipine, a calcium antagonist acts by causing vasodilatation due to reduction in peripheral resistance. ÃŽÂ ± blockers such as prazosin block ÃŽÂ ±1 receptors and this results in vasodilation. A study by Vadasz displayed that Furosemide doses at 40 mg did not display any significant changes in systolic blood pressure. However, when the dose was increased to 60 mg, there was a significant reduction in blood pressure 21,22. A combined dose of 40 mg and 60 mg were effective in reducing the diastolic blood pressure. Based on this evidence, it is clear that furosemide on its own is not capable of decreasing blood pressure. When nifedipine was combined with diuretics it was observed that a statistically significant lower risk of cardiovascular events was observed compared to the non-statistically significant difference that was noted with nifedipine monotherapy 22. In another study by Psaty et al, nifedipine did not demonstrate an increase of risk in myocardial infarction compared to the other calcium channel blockers 25. Prazosins efficacy in lowering blood pressure was studied and the lowest effective dose that is capable of reducing blood pressure was noted to be 10mg 26. Doses below 10 mg per day did not significantly reduce the blood pressure compared to the placebo arm. Treatment of Anaemia Patient had very low haemoglobin levels and this was indicative of anaemia. NICE guidelines have recommended that in order to manage anemia, patients are usually given eryhtropoetin stimulating agents and also iron supplements to help produce haemoglobin 23. There has been no evidence in the use of iron supplements in patients with chronic kidney disease prior to treatment with erythropoietin. But it is recommended that the erythropoietin therapy should not be commenced in conditions of complete iron absence 23. In some conditions, where patients were in Stage 5 renal failure also diagnosed with other co-morbidities, treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents is decided based on clinical judgment by the professional team if the patient were to benefit from the treatment 23. Treatment of Hyperkalaemia Patient was suffering from mild hyperkalemia and it was necessary that this was be treated before it progresses to severe hyperkalemia that might lead to adverse events such as cardiac arrest. A study compared the effectiveness between sodium polystyrene sulfonate and calcium polysterene sulfonate and it is noted that treatement with sodium increases sodium concentration in the body and this escalates the risk of hypertension 24. Treatment with calcium polystyrene sulfonate resulted in 50% decrease in potassium content and an additional advantage of increase in calcium concentration was observed as well 24. Conclusion Based on all the evidence provided for the patients condition, it is clear that the guidelines were adhered in treating the patients individual disease with some minor differences. Tuberculosis treatment for the initial phase was extended for more than 2 months due to the positive result obtained from sputum smear. Patient eventually achieved negative sputum smear and the patient was to be monitored before the patient was commenced on the continuous phase drugs. Effective treatment was undertaken to treat patients hypoglycemia condition, and based on the evidence gathered, dextrose 10% is the suitable treatment option for the patient. The antihypertensive regimen that was chosen was due to the patients renal failure. Nifedipine, prazosin and furosemide collectively controlled the blood pressure of the patient. Ferrous sulphate was chosen as her treatment compared to erythropoietin and this was based on the doctors clinical judgement. Her hyperkalemia which was treated with calcium su lfonate did benefit the patient as her potassium levels were within the normal range at the end of the treatment. PATIENT MEDICATION PROFILE PATIENT DETAILS Name Mrs A Consultant General Practitioner Address Kuala Lumpur Gender Female Weight 65 Height 158 Community Pharmacist Date of Birth (Age) 61 Known Sensitivities None Social History Non smoker Non Alcoholic PATIENT HOSPITAL STAY Presenting complaint in primary care / reason for admission Admission date April Low Sugar Level : 2.1 mmol/L Discharge Date Discharged to Not Known Shortness of breath RELEVANT MEDICAL HISTORY RELEVANT DRUG HISTORY Date Problem Description Date Medication Comments Feb Pulmonary Tuberculosis Feb Rifampicin 6 months Advanced Renal Failure Feb Isoniazid 5 years Hypertension Feb Pyrazinamide 5 years Diabetes Mellitus Feb Ethambutol Feb Pyridoxine 6 months Prazosin 6 months Nifedipine 6 months Furosemide Gliclazide RELEVANT NON DRUG TREATMENT Peritoneal Dialysis Prescribed Medication Start Stop Clinical/Laboratory Tests Date Result 1 Rifampicin Day 1 Sputum Smear Test Day 1 Positive 2 Isoniazid Day 1 Creatinine Day 1 912 Â µmol 3 Pyrazinamide Day 1 Urea Day 1 37.8 mmol/l 4 Ethambutol Day 1 Potassium Day 1 5.5 mmol/l 5 Pyridoxine Day 1 Blood Glucose Day 1 2.1 mmol/l 6 Prazosin Day 1 Blood Pressure Day 1 152/93 7 Nifedipine Day 1 Haemoglobin Day 1 9.8 g/dl 8 Furosemide Day 1 Chest Xray Day 1 Lesions in the apical segment 9 Dextrose Solution Day 1 Day 4 Blood Glucose Day 8 11.1 mmol/l 10 Ferrous sulphate Day 1 Sputum Smear Day 13 Negative 11 Calcium polystyrene sulphate powder Day 1 Day 6 12 Insulin Mixtard Day 8 CLINCIAL MANAGEMENT Diagnosis Pharmaceutical Need Pulmonary Tuberculosis Continue patient on intial phase drugs Hypoglycemia Start patient on dextrose Hypertension Continue antihypertensive treatment Hyperkalaemia Start calcium polystyrene sulphonate powder Anaemia Start ferrous sulphate Advanced Renal Failure Send patient for peritoneal dialysis PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PLAN Date Care Issue/Desired Output Action Output Sub therapeutic doses For Anti TB drugs Discussed with the pharmacist and patients diabetic condition was the reason for the dose regimen Doses were not changed Drug sensitivity testing was not performed Patient is diabetic and is more susceptible for MDR-TB No test was performed Management of patients compliance towards anti tuberculosis drugs -Patient might be hospitalised for a long period of time due to renal failure -DOTS scheme to be implemented upon discharge -Adequate patient education on the importance of completing the regimen is important Hospitalisation or DOTS scheme Renal failure Ethambutol excreted by kidney. Suggest change of medication to 2 Isoniazid + Rifampicin + Pyrazinamide -If treatment continued, monitoring essential Continue treatment as before and patient being monitored AFB test Another 2 samples should be taken for AFB tests before switching to the continuous phase Action yet to be taken Monitor drug toxicity Lab investigations on full blood count, liver function, serum uric acid, serum bilirubin, should be done to ensure no toxicity Eye examination for ethambutol side effects Scheduled appointments for patient Education on side effects of drugs To inform patient about anti Tb drugs side effect and advise patient not to stop the drug and side effects can be controlled ( PZA and arthralgia ) Counseling by pharm

Soda bottle rocket :: essays research papers

Soda bottle rocket Purpose The students will investigate the effect of the rocket length upon the distance of flight. The students will also investigate the mass upon the distance flight. Background The students will proof Newton's third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton's third law also applies to rockets. A rocket gets its lift from the gases pushing out of its tail. The force of the rocket pushing on these gases is the action force. The gases exert an equal but opposite force on the rocket, which forces the rocket up, this is called the reaction force. According to the original guide sheet, the two items NASA will be evaluating the rocket on will be distance flown and time aloft. A two liter bottle with a cone and fins. The time is measured by seconds that the bottle flays, starting when it lives from the launch pad until it rites the ground. The distance is how far it flew. The motion will be projectile. The average velocity will be the total distance of rocket sting measured. The average speed will be the total distance of rocket flight measured in meters and total amount of time aloft measured in seconds. The altitud e will be measured by an altimeter. The acceleration will speed up and change direction. The force can be the gravity. The kinetic energy will be the mass and velocity. The potential energy on the launch pad. Newton’s first law is about the state of motion of an object does not charge as long as the net force acting on the object is zero. His second law is about the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by the object’s mass. Newton’s third law is whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. The momentum is mass Ãâ€" velocity. The kinetic energy is the mass Ãâ€" velocity. Momentum is a property of any moving object. For a slow moving object it is given by the mass times the velocity of the object. For an object moving at close to the speed of light this definition gets modified. The total momentum is a conserved quantity in any process. Weight is the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity.

Conan Doyles the Adventure Of The Speckled Band and Victorian Readers

INTRODUCTION The Victorian era, a time of change in industry, education and family life brought us the famous Conan Doyle detective - Sherlock Holmes. At a point in history where wealth, media and intelligence were becoming more and more prominent in British society the mystery genre became as popular as today's soaps. Doyle's crime formula could be described as a masterpiece, his stories always involving the same fundamental factors that kept his readers hooked. These factors can be seen in The Adventures of the Speckled Band, Helen Stoner the helpless victim, Doctor Roylott the clever villain, a thorough investigation carried out by Holmes followed by a deduction, and a serving of justice. But the question is, how and why did these appeal so successfully to the Victorian readers? SHERLOCK HOLMES Sherlock Holmes as a fictional character was brought across by Conan Doyle to be a very popular detective, one of whom people "insist upon seeing". This popularity is reflected in real life as the stories had such a sense of realism the readers were compelled to see him as a real life figure. It also implies that he is successful in all the cases he is employed to examine. In the story, Holmes is a confident character, reassuring his 'helpless victim', "'You must not fear' he said soothingly". For Doyle's Victorian readers, this characteristic, along with the fact he always defeated the wrong-doer, gave them a sense of hope and security against the frightening changes going on and the increase in crime. This 'safety' the readers felt kept them hooked. Doyle's carefully crafted detective was always polite, for example "would you have the kindness". He was calm, strong and dedicated with an attitude of his ?profession is its own rew... ...e had had access to before. Holmes? characteristics added up to the ideal detective and a role model and figure of hope to Victorian society. Watson as a narrator is successfully used as the point through which readers could connect with the story and also the figure used to create captivating tension through the language employed by Doyle. Doctor Roylott was used by Doyle as the character the readers loved to hate and a stereotypical villain. The complete contrast between Holmes and Roylott created suspense and tension for the readers. Doyle cleverly moulded the female character Helen Stoner into a figure of aspiration to his female Victorian readers. Finally, the huge sense of justice the story is based around gave the readers something to cling to with hope. All of these created the infallible technique Doyle used which successfully appealed to Victorian readers.

Robert Edward Lee :: essays research papers

Robert Edward Lee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Edward Lee was born of two distinguished Virginia families. He was a devoted son, an outstanding Westpoint cadet, and an United States army officer for thirty two years. He graduated second in his class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee started his impressive Military career as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. His first assignment was to work on the construction of Fort Pulaski in 1830 near Savannah, Georgia. Then in 1831 he was transferred to Fort Monroe, Virginia where he worked on harbor defenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1834 he moved to Washington, D.C. as an assistant to the chief of engineers. In 1835 he was assigned to resolve the Ohio-Michigan boarder conflict. In 1837 he went to Saint Louis to work on stabalizing the Mississippi river channel. He was promoted to captain in 1838. Being sucessful in Saint Louis he was assigned to Fort Hamilton in 1841 to work on the New York Harbor fortifications. When war broke out with Mexico in 1840 Lee was sent to Mexico for two years as an engieneering officer. There he was praised for his galantry and good conduct. In the war with Mexico he was wounded in the Storming of Chapultepec in 1847. The Mexican war was suposed to be the help that Lee needed in the experance of commanding troops. After the Mexican war Lee was assigned to Baltimore in 1848, he was to supervise the construction of Fort Carrol for nearly four years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1852 the United States military academy at West Point became Lees home when he was appointed superintendent. During his three year stint he raised acidemic standards, lengthened the program from four to five years, and improved facilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1859 in Arlington, Texas Lee was given command of Federal forces which were there to make sure Mexicans did not invade Texas. Then Lee was sent to capture the abolitionist, John Brown at Harpers Ferry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then when war seemed impossible to avoid, President Abraham Lincion summond Lee and asked him to lead the Union army, but Lee declined. On April 23 he became commander and chief of the military forces in Virgnia, just three days after he resigned from the U.S. Army.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In February 1865 Lee was made commander and chief of all confederate forces. His great battles of the Civil wars include Antietam, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg. He won many, many battles in the Civil war. Finally on April 9, 1865 General Robert E.

Mapping O’Connor’s “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

O’Connor, in response to her critics note that a certain amount of the significance â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† lies in its utility in terms of teaching as well as in literary analysis.However, in relation to this aforementioned utility, O’Connor also notes that the text should not be reduced to â€Å"a problem to be solved† to the extent that it is treated as something which one evaporates in order â€Å"to get Instant Enlightenment† (Fitzgerald 23).In line with this, what follows is an analysis of the aforementioned text [O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†] which opts to minimize the amount of ‘evaporation’ of the text for the purpose of literary analysis.In this paper, I will focus on the locations which were specified within the text. The reasons for this are as follows: (1) locations specified within the text serve to foreshadow the events in the text and (2) locations specified within the text serve to augment the theme of the text.In reading the aforementioned text, one of the first things that may noticed in the text, itself is the realistic setting of the story. The story is set in the state of Georgia. In the opening scene, one is presented with a family from Atlanta quarrelling about their vacation plans. The quarrel stems from the grandmother’s opposition of the family’s decision to take their vacation in Florida.The reason for such an opposition lies in the highly probable perilous conditions in Florida itself since it has been reported that a convict which â€Å"calls himself The Misfit† is heading towards the same direction [that being Florida].It is important to note that during the matter of this quarrel, the reader is presented with the initial details of the family’s travel [vacation so to speak] and the mileage that they will cover which will later tie up with the other details in the later part of the story. What follows this is a scenic description of Georgia in the eyes of this family.In this description of the places which the family passes, it is interesting to note that the family chooses to have lunch in a place called Timothy in Georgia. What is of interest here is that as opposed to Stone Mountain, Jasper, and other places that they pass by there is no known specific location in Georgia called Timothy [known in the sense that it has a place in the map]. The question thereby arises as to O’Connor’s rationale for placing the location within the story.In answer to this Asals notes that this is due to the heretical status of this family. According to Asals, one may conceive of the location [Asals] as pertaining to the gospel of Timothy which discusses â€Å"the opposition of false doctrine; the organization of the church and establishment of ecclesiastical regulations; and exhortations which indicate how to be a good citizen and Christian† (76).The importance of such, in relation to the story, may be understood if one considers the heretical condition of the aforementioned family. The heretical condition is evident in the opposition of the grandmother’s carriage and her actions during the period of her youth.O’Connor, in this sense, may be seen as portraying the parallel between her characters who have left the tenets of Christian faith and Paul’s warning to those who commit such actions.Within this context, it is thereby possible to understand O’ Connor’s work [specifically the aforementioned text] as enabling a certain form of locationality which opts to counter the â€Å"rationalistic, materialistic, and humanistic thought† which pervaded during her time.This is best understood if one considers the aforementioned interpretation in relation to her warning [as to the evaporation resulting from â€Å"Instant Enlightenment†].Within this context, it is possible to posit that within a materialistic [in a sense on a world highly grounded on realism] the choice of the path in which one chooses has a direct effect on the meaningfulness of one’s earthly life [in the same manner in which The Misfit took hold of the family]Works CitedAsals, Frederick and Flannery O’Connor. A Good Man is Hard to Find. London: Rutgers, 1993.O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. A Good Man is Hard to Find and Other Stories.Fitzgerald, Sally, ed. The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O’Connor. By Flannery O’Connor. New York: Farrar, 979.

African American Slavery Essay

This paper intends to discuss the daily life of African American slaves in the nineteenth century. The first Africans landed in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. By this time numerous accounts of slave life were published. The origins of slavery in the United States can be traced to colonial America where there was an abundance of agricultural land but not enough labor. In responding to that, this paper will also discuss, first, the importance slavery played on the economic and political development of the United States; second it will explain the daily life of African American slaves; and lastly defending that slavery is not â€Å"a positive good†. In conclusion I will explain what led me to this topic, why this subject is important to world history and how it’s changed my perception. To begin with the most fundamental fact: Slaves were not things. Whatever the law said, they were in reality human beings. A plow could not be evasive at work tasks, or burn down the barn, or escape – nor would it bleed when whipped, or develop for self-protection an elaborate courteous politeness when dealing with a master. An indicate complex of informal customs and â€Å"rights† sprang up because the slave was a person†. The institution of slavery has played an important part in the economic and political development of the United States since colonial times. North America developed race-based plantation slavery. The colonization of North America could not of formed without the use African slaves. The demand for workers increased due to the tobacco cultivation. Unlike indentured servants, African slaves were not protected by the English common law. They could never be free, and their kids would be born into slavery. The English saw that African slaves were accustomed to heavy agriculture labor and unlike the Indians they were able to surpass various diseases that were spreading in Europe. â€Å"As the value of African workers increased the gradually ceased to be treated at indentured servants. First they became â€Å"servants for life,† and then subject of ever more elaborate â€Å"slave codes† the defined their legal position in detailed ways†¦.. By the end of the seventeenth century the distinction between black slaves and white servants had become sharply defined: Servants were humans; slaves were things†. As colonies began to develop, the need for labor increased. Tobacco became one of the important crops in the new colonies. Western Europeans could not do the work alone so African slaves were brought to the new colonies to cultivate and care for the crops. Slaves became a crucial part in the development of the United States. In Virginia, slaves were considered the center of the economic process and that instead of a â€Å"society with slaves†; it became a â€Å"slave society. † â€Å"Slavery was the foundation of Virginia’s agricultural system and essential to its economic viability. Initially, planters bought slaves primarily to raise tobacco for export. By the last quarter of the 18th century, wealthy Virginia farmers were using slave labor in a diversified agricultural regime. Enslaved African Americans also worked as skilled tradesmen in the countryside and in the capital city of Williamsburg. Many also served as domestics in the households of wealthier white Virginians. † Slaves became essential in the growth of the economy. Slave life was not easy. African slaves lived under a wide variety of circumstances, such as; household servants, wagon driver, iron foundry worker, and skilled artisan. The majority of African slaves worked as farm laborers; growing cotton, tobacco, rice and other products. Some worked in large plantations or farms alongside their masters. Slaves worked from sunset to sunrise. Their masters kept a close eye on them. At night they had a curfew in their cabins, which was randomly inspected to ensure they didn’t escape. They had no right to leave their home without the permission of their master. African Americans come from a strong tradition of extended families, which was taken away from them when sold into slavery. Mothers and their children were separated from one another. The slave family was the most important institution for African Americans. Families, though oftentimes broken up, provided a foundation that prevented slaves from becoming completely demoralized. Most importantly, families provided slaves with a sense of community, not simply victimized individuals of oppression. â€Å"The family as a functional entity was outlawed and permitted to exist only when it benefited the slave-master. Maintenance of the slave family as a family unit benefited the slave-owners only when, and to the extent that such unions created new slaved could be exploited†. Slave owners often forcibly coupled men and women with the goal to produce healthy child slaves. â€Å"When you married, you had to jump over a broom three times†. Women symbols no less then men. â€Å"African slave woman: in the living quarters, the major responsibilities â€Å"naturally† fell to her. It was the woman who was charged with keeping the â€Å"home in order†. This role was dictated by the male supremacist ideology of white society in America; it was also woven into patriarchal traditions of Africa. As her biological destiny, the woman bore the fruits of procreation; as her social destiny, she cooked, sewed, washed, cleaned house, raised the children. Traditionally the labor of females, domestic work is supposed to complement and confirm their inferiority. † Woman were also alongside the men, from sun up to sun down. The start of their day begin with a bell ringing to wake them up at four o’clock in the morning and they are given a half an hour to get ready. Both men and woman work together, and the woman must work as steadily as the men and perform the same tasks as the men. Woman slaves who were pregnant were treated with no greater compassion and with no less severity than her man. Slave owners had a reserved punishment for woman that were pregnant; â€Å"She is compelled to lie down over a hole made to receive her corpulency, and is flogged with the whip, or beat with a paddle, which has hoes in it; at every stroke comes a blister†. In order for a black woman to function as a slave, they needed to annul themselves from being a woman and equal themselves to men. Slaves were treated with barbarous inhumanity. They often had to wear iron collars around their necks, drag heavy chains and weights at their feet while working in the fields to prevent runaways. Sometimes slave owners put them in stocks all day with gags in their mouths, causing their teeth to break off. Each day they were severely punished with whips. Slaves were tortured for the entertainment of their masters, they would get pepper rubbed into their cuts, burnt and beaten naked. The life African American slaves lived was cruel, although in time many were able to create a tolerable life and community for themselves. Virtually no one today defends slavery as a â€Å"positive good†. Slavery is evil. Today many historians have a controversy determining just what life was like under slavery. It is true that slavery brought riches to the port cities of Boston, New York, Charleston, and others. The wealth of America could not of been successful without the institution of slavery. The production of cotton does not just depend on soil or its climate but on the existence of domestic slavery. â€Å"Slavery is alike that sin and the shame of he American people†. Men, woman and children were robbed of their life, and there is no good in that. â€Å"This system is one of robbery and cruel wrong, from beginning to end†. This paper discussed the daily life of African American slaves in the nineteenth century. Along with that topic it explained the origins of slavery and its importance it played in the economic and political growth of the United States. From my research I learned how cruel and degrading the daily lives of African American slaves were. They were tormented and overworked. Their whole life was controlled by a man they called â€Å"master†. Women were treated with no greater compassion, they worked side by side with their men, and children who were born into slavery became slaves for life. I came upon this topic after taking a course called Building Community Through Diversity at Notre Dame de Namur this past semester. I became very interested in learning about slavery, white power, privilege, and race. To help me illuminate my topic I used both books and internet sources. It is important that everyone is educated about slavery, because never want history to repeat itself again. The institution of slavery was not a good thing but without institution of slavery the United States wouldn’t of been so rich in agriculture. African slaves played a major role in the growth of the United States, without the institution of slavery; tobacco, cotton and many other plantations would not of made nearly the amount it has done. In conclusion, the wealth of our nation bore with the institution of slavery.

Numerous poems Essay

Numerous poems tackle the theme of loneliness using invented or any of the variety of available poetic forms. Most often, the feeling is expressed through either a single and extended metaphor or through a number of interconnected imageries with the purpose of creating a tight and unified construction that would arouse the reader’s empathy towards the poem’s meaning. In poems like these, the focus is the metaphors used to put the theme across. The form is also important, but secondary to content. However, for other poets meaning can be conveyed equally by both content and form. For e. e. cumming, the form can even dictate the metaphor. His post-modernist poem â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness† illustrates how structure can be used to communicate the meaning of a poem even more that its metaphor, thus evoking varied and more vast experiences with the reading. The nine-line poem consists of one to five letters per line. Seven lines are made up of two letters each, one line has three letters, while the longest final line has five. The entire poem spells out the word â€Å"loneliness†. The word is interrupted, however, by a phrase written inside a parenthesis: â€Å"a leaf falls†. The interruption occurs after the first letter, cutting off the letter â€Å"l† from the rest of the word. The irregularity in the grouping of letters is not arbitrary. The form of the poem obviously seeks to approximate the fall of a leaf. One could imagine the leaf as it sways from side to side, then twirls in space looking like a narrow spinning band, until it eventually rests flat on the ground during the poem’s longest final line. The visual fall makes the reader understand the poem’s metaphor: loneliness, like a falling leaf, is a sinking feeling. The image of a falling leaf is a cliche but e. e. cummings makes his poem different not only by employing a unique structure scheme but also by putting both the metaphorical image and the theme stated plainly together in the poem. A greeting card or an amateur exposition would attempt to define the word â€Å"loneliness†. An inferior poet would only focus on the â€Å"falling leaf† metaphor and wax poetic about the possible meanings behind the image. Cummings put both together and in the process does not only call the reader’s attention to the connection of the words with the image but, because of the placement of the letters, raises other points of discussion. For instance, the detachment of the letter â€Å"l† from the word â€Å"loneliness† only means that to be lonely means to be detached from the rest of humanity as much as a falling leaf gets detached from the rest of the leaves in a branch. This is further emphasized with the parenthesis, another symbol of breaking-off one part from the whole where it came from. Still another interpretation for the interruption may be that the feeling of loneliness occurs when one’s life is interrupted by the sight of a falling leaf, which is a metaphor for many sad things in life. Also, the letter â€Å"l† in the first line, which reappears on the eighth line, may also be read as the number one, a solitary figure. A lonely person feels alone. Finally, the poem’s form and metaphors bring upon the reader’s mind other images of loneliness. The metaphor of the falling leaf recalls autumn with its falling leaves, people at the brink of death or snow on a bleak winter’s night falling on a desolate landscape. All these pictures are used in many poems expounding on the same theme and all these associations will be awakened within the reader because while the poem is sparse, it has the ability to involve the reader to deep thought. Meanwhile, the slimness of the poem evokes the briefness of life. At the same time, it could mean the fluid downward movement of life, after one has passed the prime of life, the individual slows down to old age until he dies, and nothing would remain eventually. At first glance, the disinterested reader may think that e. e. cummings has employed gimmickry with â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness. † Closer inspection and repeated readings would prove, however, that unlike most poems whose beauty rests on the metaphors used in the lines, the form of a poem can also be exploited to be the metaphor itself. It can elicit so many associations, making the reading more profound as when one tries to make meanings out of words in another poem. Cumming’s poem is a great example of how form can also dictate the beauty of a poem.

Are Punchlines Necessary for Ads? Essay

Punch lines are the need for advertising the product as they are necessary for a product to be unique and be different. For example: â€Å"The complete man† which makes us remember the company Raymonds. Punch lines are important to make the customer remember about the product identity. It helps to recall a product easily. But it cannot rule the advertisement as ultimately the customer remembers quality and cost. Customer only sees whether he is getting the satisfactory service or not. Also after service of a product offered by company is important if the company is good, gets reputation and rules the market. Only attractive punchlines will not help. For example, if I say â€Å"Paanch matalab chota coke†, it will suddenly remind you the ad of coca cola (even though it’s not on air now). So, this way punch line increases the recall value of the ad but if your ad or positioning of the product is not perfect then you can’t expect your advt programme to be successful just on the basis of punchlines. It is very difficult to find out the right Punchline. Marketers have to select right words to form that sentences which can correctly express the positioning strategy of the brand. A bad Punchline can kill a good ‘ad’. If the Punchline strikes customers as attractive due to repeated exposure it ‘changes’ the mindset of the customer creating new set of beliefs. The Punchline represents the values of the company, benefits, attributes, features, quality, cost, special technology. If we really want to appreciate the value of Punchlines, then imagine an advertisement without any Punchline. It looks like a dumb. So basically the Punchline is the voice of the brand, which primarily gives out the minimum momentum, thrust to push the brand in the mind of the customer. A punch line has to have an element of surprise in it. Humour is also an essential aspect of advertising because a dose of laughter instantly connects the masses with a campaign. The main objective of advertising is to appeal to the consumer and a punch line should always be linked with the product. Also, there has to be something new, something which the people can connect with instantly. The best punch line strikes a chord with people and creates magic. But, certain good companies such as â€Å"Colgate† don’t have got a punch line but still it is ruling the market for years. Basically, the work of punch line is to own a space in the minds of customer and create some easy recall of the ad. But it takes a lot of imagination to come up with something as simple yet as effective as gale ki khichkhich from the Vicks campaign. Such was the power of this simple line that now, irritation in throat is called khichkhich by a majority of people. And it instantly connects the feeling to Vicks. This linking of products, or brand recall, is what makes a punch line successful. Products come and go, but punch lines always stay.

War of 1812 Movie Notes

Why was this insulting to America? When was it rescinded? Orders of Council were British laws requiring all ships wishing to trade with Europe to stop in a British port first. America had been a free democratic- republic nation and resorting to pay tax to Britain for international trade with Europe was outrageous. The Orders of Council were rescinded in 1812 two days before the U. S. declared war. 7. Why did America want to invade Canada?Democratic-republicans wanted Canada to expand the Agrarian republic. 8. What role did Native Americans have in this period? What was the belief among Indians regarding their role in America? Americans wanted expansion into territories controlled by Native Americans. The Whites distribute land to Native Americans to have them fight each other but Native Americans have never resorted to such tactics. 9. How many people moved westward in this time period and why would they move west? Over four hundred Native Americans moved westward in order to settle after he Louisiana Purchase. 10. Who was Tecumseh and Takatawana?Why were they important? Tecumseh and Takatawana decided that the time to act was now and gathered followers, urging them to give up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments, arguing for the Indian's to not acknowledge the Whiteman's â€Å"ownership† of land, and urging that no Indian should cede control of land to whites. 11. How did the U. S. respond to the Indian threat? How did they believe the British were involved with the Indians? Americans responded to this threat with raging violence. They elieved the British to be supplying weapons to the Indians and influencing Tecumseh. 12.Who was William Henry Harrison and what happened at the Battle of advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters at Tippecanoe, killed the Prophet, and burned the camp to the ground. His famous slaughter earned him vast fame and made him president in 1840. 13. How does the vote to go to war highlight sectional differences? How clo se was the vote to go to war? Why do you believe this occurred? New England, which was still making lots of money, damned the war for a free sea, and Federalists opposed the war because they were more inclined toward Britain nyway and Canada was conquered, it would add more agrarian land and increase Republican supporters.

UK Employers and Human Resource Management Essay

UK Employers and Human Resource Management - Essay Example According to the discussion  manpower cannot be totally replaced by machines. Despite the technological advances, the globalization swamping businesses worldwide has necessitated an ever more strategic approach to human resource management. Therefore, it is important that managers are able to decipher trends that may impact their companies. Still, it is also equally important to note that in manpower management, the people are a very crucial consideration as this plays out strongly in the company’s image. Empowerment has been very crucial to enhancing the productivity of these workers. However, to empower workers means that there must be a certain degree of participation on the part of these employees.From this paper it is clear that  the respective unions of employees have been very crucial in helping the labourers of a company to voice out their concerns. However, through the last three decades, there has been a weakening of these social structures which has enabled UK e mployers to have a firmer grasp on their employees to the detriment of their Labour force. The gradual weakening of the system has significantly weakened the once formidable unions of the country paving the way for companies to further flex their influences over their employees. This weakening eventually resulted in a gradual shift of human resources strategies to favour a more unitarist approach to human resource management.... Howell (2005) laments about the weakening and eventual demise of the once mighty Labour movement which bannered a significant victory for politicians against the various unions in the state. It seems that there has been a potent combination of various judicial and legislative actions as well as various forms of administrative measures coupled with various crises to forge a new way of relating to the Labour force. The gradual weakening of the system has significantly weakened the once formidable unions of the country paving the way for companies to further flex their influences over their employees. This weakening eventually resulted in a gradual shift of human resources strategies to favour a more unitarist approach to human resource management. Indeed, according to Howell (2005) the state has played a very pivotal role in this development. As mentioned. The various legislations and even the crisis of 1979 have been instrumental in the decade’s long transformation of the emplo yment conditions of the UK. Slowly but surely, the balance of power gradually tilted sharply towards the employers. As the hold of the employers strengthened, they are able to impose additional regulations and procedures with little or even no dialogues with their employees. Bennet (1997) stresses that this can be detrimental to the firm as it is tantamount to forcing the will of the organization to the employees. In so doing, important suggestions and signals may be lost wherein the employees are just made to follow the orders of the company. Unfortunately, these tend to be detrimental since they are able to foster resentments rather than conflict resolutions when the employees are by passed by these procedures.

Various International Monetary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Various International Monetary - Essay Example On the contrary, International Monetary Fund ensures that there is international or global monetary corporation since it is a permanent institution that avails the machineries for collaboration and consultation on global monetary or international financial problems. IMF has changed the face of handling monetary issues on a global scale by establishing a permanent institution to take care of the problems (Fischer, & Lindgren 2014). On the other hand, the body is successful in facilitating the expansion as well as ensuring that international trade records a balanced growth. In this case, the body is promoting and maintaining high employment and income levels and has also been responsible the development of proactive resources of the global economies. Besides, IMF is promoting stability in international business exchanges, a role that ensures that the international economy does not experience depreciation in competition. In addition, the body has been assisting with the establishment of multilateral payment systems especially in transactions between the member states as a way of eliminating restrictions on foreign exchange that hinder the growth of the international trade. Apart from financial assistance, the IMF offers technical assistance to mem ber countries so as to create as well as implement sound economic, banking, monetary policies, and regulations (Fischer, & Lindgren

Abbey Properties Limited in Recession Dissertation

Abbey Properties Limited in Recession - Dissertation Example Model of Entrepreneurial Strategies used by Abbey Properties Limited The literature review mentioned four possible entrepreneurial approaches that small and medium sized firms in United Kingdom use during a recession. Despite the fact that the case of Abbey properties limited did not appear to be fitting completely in any of these four categories, it was somewhere between the â€Å"Migrating Geese† and Lambs to Slaughter† model with a greater inclination towards the former. Without any doubts, Abbey was far away from being the â€Å"Hibernating Beers† since it did not shut its operations. In fact, the recession hit the United Kingdom in the second quarter of 2007 and the company’s financial statements did not show any signs of a recession for the year 2007. In fact, there was no need for an emergency up until the start of 2010. Even that the company was faced with a period where there were no sales at all for the company, it did not shut its operations or went into the hibernation mode. In fact, there are also no signs that the company had fired any employees, shrank in terms of size, shut down its offices or any others. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the company did not also fit the description of â€Å"Sensible Squirrels†. In fact, it is important here to note is that many small and medium sized organizations in United Kingdom and United States are least likely to fit into the description of â€Å"Sensible Squirrels†. ... In fact, there are also no signs that the company had fired any employees, shrank in terms of size, shut down its offices or any others (Landstrom, pp. 160, 2009). Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the company did not also fit the description of â€Å"Sensible Squirrels†. In fact, it is important here to note is that many small and medium sized organizations in United Kingdom and United States are least likely to fit into the description of â€Å"Sensible Squirrels†. Many of these companies operate on a day-to-day, week-to-week or monthly basis (Buckley, pp. 69-71, 2011; Stokes, Wilson & Mador, pp. 26, 2010). This is exactly what differentiates them from large organizations. Big corporations and companies are more likely to have a vision, mission, clear and well defined strategy with long-term plans. On the other hand, small and medium sized organizations are more likely to look at the short term opportunities and challenges and due to their limited, scope, financ ing, funding, resources and others, they will restrict themselves to the â€Å"wait and watch† zone (Weale, pp. 5, 2009; Stokes, Wilson & Mador, pp. 26, 2010). This explains why every year, thousands of small and medium sized business go bankrupt or they announce closure because of their short-term mentality. Gone are the days when businesses had the chance to have short term or reactive mindset. The macroenvironment is quickly changing that firms, which take more than a while to react, find themselves having outclassed by their competitors in every possible way (Arestis, Sobreira & Oreiro, pp. 201-202, 2011). The interviews with the Director and General Manager of Abbey Properties did indicate that the