English Gcse Media Essay - 789 Words

English GCSE Media Coursework 1. How does advertising reinforce gender stereotypes? Today in the late 1990#8217;s we can not escape advertising it bombards us from all types of media and every aspect of our lives. It is a multibillion-pound industry that stereotypes genders and tells us what we could become if we use certain products. Men being portrayed as cool, tough, athletic and stylish reinforce the gender stereotypes. One advert I have studied which reinforces the male stereotype is an advertisement for #8216;Old Spice, White Water#8217;. The advertisement shows a businessman in a kyak kyacking down a white water rapid. This is stereotyping the male businessman by showing him as an adventurous and carefree person who†¦show more content†¦In an advert for a female perfume by #8220;Givenchy#8221; a woman is shown who holds the materialistic characteristics. This is not how it really is in society. Not every woman has prominent curves, is slim and tall. This shows how adv ertisements do not fairly reflect society. The same is true for an advert from a weekday newspaper advertising #8220;DFS#8221;. A male with similar qualities to above is sitting on a sofa reading a paper. Again this shows a materialistic world which is not a true reflection of society. Both of these adverts only have one person in and this means that representing the whole of society could be difficult. I believe that advertisements do there best at reflecting society, but that is still nowhere near what society really is like. There never will be an advertisement that reflects the whole of society and they have a long way to go before they even getShow MoreRelatedGender Roles and Prejudice Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles and Prejudice Gender roles in our society are based on prejudice is an essay about the ways in which we stereotype each gender. These stereotypes lead the children, through socialisation, to conform to the way in which both male and females are supposed to act in society. For example, the male stereotype in supposed to have physical strength, be aggressive and competitive characteristics, whereas female characteristics are supposed to be sensitive, caringRead MoreAchieving Motivation At The Workplace1177 Words   |  5 Pagesa company (Ridgeway, 1982). Thus, discovering the best way to achieve motivation at work is a very necessary topic to be discussed. However, the definition of â€Å"the best† may vary from person to person. â€Å"The best way to achieve motivation† in this essay is defined as achieving work efficiency as high as possible while maintaining the high morale of employees. Argument Outline:  · There is only relatively the best way of motivating people and that is to combine some of the tested, effective theoriesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Single-Sex Education1374 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, but after that, in the 19th century, more and more co-ed schools were established. Despite that, there are many countries, in particular in Asia, where the SSS is the only type of school which exists as a result of religion or culture. This essay argues that notwithstanding the fact that the co-ed system may have the advantage of the social aspect, it is not very helpful for students in many aspects such as academic achievement, learning styles, students’ preferences, and the level of bullyingRead MoreFrench Terms for Ib Sl French B8316 Words   |  34 PagesVocabulary List General and Topic Areas 1 to 5 GCSE French OCR GCSE in French: J730 OCR GCSE (Short Course) in French Spoken Language: J030 OCR GCSE (Short Course) in French Written Language: J130 This Vocabulary List is designed to accompany the OCR GCSE French Specification for teaching from September 2009  © OCR 2010 Contents Contents French GCSE Vocabulary List French Vocabulary List General 2 3 5 12 12 21 28 28 31 36 36 37 40 40 42 48 48 51 Topic Area 1 Home and local area Life in the home;Read MoreTheories and Principles of Assessment2217 Words   |  9 Pageshigher education levels, is of a more subjective nature, rather than the ‘tide-turning’ objectivity of modern assessment methods or regimes. Whilst each of the approaches has its merits, and de-merits, there is a need for continuous assessment. This essay will describe the principles of assessment, and some of the theories and methods of assessment, in a mainly contextual environment, related to my own area of work, before concluding with the role of assessment in teaching and learning and it contributionRead MoreThe Impact of social class on education1908 Words   |  8 Pagesmaterial circumstances; sub-cultural attitudes and values and the school labelling processes just to mention a few. Sociologists tend to be critical of the IQ theory for various reasons including the factors affecting how it is measured, so in this essay, I shall therefore concentrate upon the other more sociological approaches and exclude the IQ theory. The following list of key words were essential in my argument; different methods of attainment, gender, ethnicity, cultural deficits, social statusRead MoreRationale For Art And Design3002 Words   |  13 Pagessolve the problems, instead it may compound them. Society needs and values more than acad emic abilities. This is evident in the recent uproar against the now discredited EBacc, which was to replace the GCSE exam with an English Baccalaureate to focus studies towards three core subject areas – English, Maths and Science - not including Art and Design. Young people have much more to offer. The arts exemplify these capacities - of institution, creativity, sensibility, and practical skills. However,Read MoreSex Discrimination2767 Words   |  12 Pagesmembership, education, provision of goods, services, advertisements and pay. In this essay the discussion will cover subjects such as why woman hold a large percentage of the work force in companies but hardly any seem to have any power. Obstacles in the way of woman in careers, ifwomen prefer different jobs to men, equal pay for both sexes and whats changed since the law was made an Act of Parliament. This essay will only concentrate on the problem of sex discrimination in the U.K. Sex discriminationRead MoreDTTLS Assignments5208 Words   |  21 PagesDTTLS Essay 4. Subject Knowledge and Understanding ↠ Demonstrate an understanding of the skills in literacy, numeracy and ICT which underpin your subject specialism. What skills (and levels) in these areas do your learners need?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Skills: Literacy – to read English for handouts. Spoken – to understand English and follow verbal instructions, to understand feedback and give tutor information re: progress. Written – to complete enrolment forms, health forms, learning aimsRead MorePlay Macbeth11985 Words   |  48 PagesMacbeth sinks into a slough of evil, his mind becomes disordered, yet in the final step, his warriors instinct returns to him. MacBeth - Attitude Changes In the tragic drama Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in 1606 during the English Renaissance, the hero, Macbeth, constantly declines in his level of morality until his death at the end of the play. Because of his change of character from good to evil, Macbeths attitude towards other characters, specifically Duncan, Banquo

Corporate Entrepreneurship and Marketing System

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Entrepreneurship and Marketing System. Answer: Introduction: Social entrepreneurship can be considered as the systematic technique based on which a particular start up organization tends to develop funds for resolving the social, cultural and environmental issues. This particular study has provided deep insight on how the concerned business experts have to face innumerable difficulties while making an effective social entrepreneur in the current market. This specific study is based on the case study of Dr. Sam Prince. This particular individual being a doctor by profession intends to form a restaurant in order to supply food to the children in school and to provide job opportunity to those persons who needs dependence for earning bread and butter. Analysis of entrepreneur traits: After evaluating the case study of Dr. Sam Prince it has been observed that social entrepreneur is possessed with some of the major traits and characteristics, which are as follows: The primary characteristics of social entrepreneurship are to resolve the social and environmental issues. From the case study, it has been observed that Dr. Sam Prince is by profession a doctor who aims to start a restaurant in order to create a job opportunity for the people of backward society. This particular organization after launching the restaurant has provided job opportunity to 170 staffs that are coming from backward class of society. In the current scenario, it has been observed that a large number of people are unable to maintain their bread their butter in their daily life (Ratten 2013). Therefore, this particular restaurant has helped large number of children by serving foods. Therefore, social entrepreneurship is very much successful to resolve social environmental issues. Mitigate risk factors and evaluate the alternative strategies The key characteristic of social entrepreneurship is to resolve the risk factors by implementing alternative strategies and policies. From the case study, it has been observed that Dr. Sam Prince is very much courageous to launch 30 restaurants more in the market of Australia. In order to maintain a balance of 30 restaurants, the business experts have to focus on some of the major factors among which the factor of economy is one of the most prominent. In order to mitigate the risk factor Dr. Sam Prince has decided to implement one new strategy. In order to run 30 restaurants with equal recognition and image, the businessperson has decided to include product diversity at the workplace (Barrett and Weinstein 2015). As a result, customers of different cultural backgrounds would like to purchase foods and services. Therefore, automatically the range of target market would be high. Social entrepreneurship is possessed with several mission and vision. The primary mission of social entrepreneurship is to resolve the issues of society rather than thinking organizational profit making. The primary purpose of launching restaurant for Dr. Sam Prince was to help the schoolchildren by providing foods and services. The profit making plans and the growth of revenue rate was not the actual vision of Social entrepreneurship. On the other hand, by recruiting 170 staff members Dr. Sam Prince has provided ample scope of job opportunity based on which people from different cultural backgrounds got the scope to earn money by applying their skills and competency (Barringer 2012). On one hand, resolving this kind of social issues is one of the most effective ways to gain organizational image and reputation. On the other hand, people get benefits and facilities form the establishment of new business process founded by Dr. Sam Prince. Focus on the customers and employees needs and demands rather than organizational profits: While establishing the entire business process, Dr. Sam Prince primarily wanted to help the society rather than make a successful revenue growth. From the above-mentioned case study, it has been observed that people the primary purpose of founding the entrepreneurship is nothing but helping the society by providing job opportunities (Bettiol, Di Maria and Finotto 2012). Dr. Sam Prince while launching the entire process of business knows very well about the risk factors of establishing restaurants in the market of Australia. Despite the issues, this particular organization has started entrepreneurship in order to stand beside society people (Griskevicius et al. 2012). Therefore, the primary trait of social entrepreneurship is to fulfill the needs and demands of customers rather than thinking about profit making. Challenges in social entrepreneur: Economic barrier is one of the most effective factors without which a business organization fails to run its service process effectively. While launching a new business process entrepreneurs do not have sufficient internal financial resources based on which the organization can establish their business (Sullivan Mort, Weerawardena and Liesch 2012). Therefore, financial barrier is one of the most important factors due to which people like Dr. Sam Prince have to face innumerable difficulties in running their business organization in the market of Australia. While making an entrepreneurship, the business experts have to take a risk while launching new products and services. At the time of launching new products, customers may not accept the products that have been launched. For an example, while opening restaurants, Dr. Sam Prince may have to face issue regarding the quality of food as well as services (Lerner, Leamon and Hardymon 2012). Therefore, business experts have to maintain product diversity at the workplace. If the customers show their reluctance in one particular product the service providers can service alternative option to the customers for fulfilling customers needs and demands. Implementing alternative strategy: In order to implement alternative strategy, the social entrepreneurs have to get a control over the monitory process (Lam and Harker 2013). With the help of limited number of capital, business organizations would not be able to implement alternative strategy at the workplace. Therefore, economic barrier is the primary issue due to which people fail to implement alternative strategy for avoiding risk factors (Nakara, Benmoussa and Jaouen 2012). However, this particular case study while implementing new strategy of establishing restaurants in the market of Australia has decided to focus on product diversity as well. As a result, the target customers have become huge in range. People from different geographical corners had showed their interest to purchase the products and services of those restaurants. The concept of social entrepreneurship implies that organization should primarily focus on resolving social and environmental issues. Therefore, business organizations cannot get the scope to make an effective profit making structure (Sol 2013). For an example, the business expert such as Dr. Sam Prince while establishing a new restaurant in Australia has decided to help the schoolchildren by delivering foods rather than thinking about effective revenue growth. Conclusion: The entire study has provided a deep understanding and knowledge about the impact of social entrepreneur in resolving the issues of cultural and environmental aspects. An effective case study has been made based on the methods of social entrepreneur followed by Dr. Sam Prince. However, the primary purpose of implementing social entrepreneur is not to start a new process of business but to stand beside those people who are backward both socially and economically. Reference List: Barrett, H. and Weinstein, A., 2015. Corporate entrepreneurship, the marketing mix, and business performance. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 144-150). Springer International Publishing. Barringer, B., 2012.Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (2012). Bettiol, M., Di Maria, E. and Finotto, V., 2012. Marketing in SMEs: the role of entrepreneurial sensemaking.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(2), pp.223-248. Griskevicius, V., Cant, S.M. and Vugt, M.V., 2012. The evolutionary bases for sustainable behavior: Implications for marketing, policy, and social entrepreneurship.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,31(1), pp.115-128. Lam, W. and Harker, M.J., 2013. Marketing and entrepreneurship: An integrated view from the entrepreneur's perspective.International Small Business Journal, p.0266242613496443. Lerner, J., Leamon, A. and Hardymon, F., 2012. Venture capital, private equity, and the financing of entrepreneurship.Wiley. Nakara, W.A., Benmoussa, F.Z. and Jaouen, A., 2012. Entrepreneurship and social media marketing: evidence from French small business.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business,16(4), pp.386-405. Ratten, V., 2013. Cloud computing: A social cognitive perspective of ethics, entrepreneurship, technology marketing, computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on behavioural intentions.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),21(3), pp.137-146. Sol, M., 2013. Entrepreneurial marketing: conceptual exploration and link to performance.Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship,15(1), pp.23-38. Sullivan Mort, G., Weerawardena, J. and Liesch, P., 2012. Advancing entrepreneurial marketing: Evidence from born global firms.European Journal of Marketing,46(3/4), pp.542-561.

How does cognitive theory explain the aetiology of depression Essay Example

How does cognitive theory explain the aetiology of depression Essay In this essay, the symptoms of depression will be described and aetiology discussed from a cognitive viewpoint. In particular, Seligmans learned helplessness (1975); Abramsons (1978) revision of learned helplessness; Becks cognitive distortion model (1976), and Teasdales differential activation hypothesis (1988) shall be evaluated. Cognitive theorists generally regard thought processes as causative factors in depression. The treatment of depression proposed by cognitive theorists will also be assessed in detail, and empirical evidence shall be considered. Finally, a conclusion of the efficacy of cognitive theory regarding depression shall be presented and suggestions offered regarding the direction in which research should go in the future. Many psychologists and psychiatrists alike have described the symptoms of depression; however, one description is particularly apt. Mood is sometimes dominated by a profound inward dejection and gloomy hopelessness, sometimes more by indefinite anxiety and restlessness. The patients heart is heavy, nothing can permanently rouse his interest, nothing gives him pleasure . . . Kraeplin (1921, p. 6). Depression is termed an affective mood disorder due to the foremost feature of abnormally low mood. Depression occurs when feelings of sadness or grief are prolonged and exaggerated beyond what seems reasonable. Depression therefore ceases to be a symptom and becomes an illness, involving widespread depression of mental and physical functions. The patient appears slow and indecisive, increasingly unable to cope with everyday problems. Physical symptoms are often prominent because bodily functions are upset and because depression lowers the tolerance for discomfort and pain. We will write a custom essay sample on How does cognitive theory explain the aetiology of depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does cognitive theory explain the aetiology of depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does cognitive theory explain the aetiology of depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Seligman (1975) describes depression as the common cold of psychiatry because it is also so widespread. Following the cognitive revolution in the 1960s, theorists began to use cognitive theories to explain affective disorders. Cognitive theories are mainly based on unipolar rather than bipolar depression, which is believed to have an entirely different aetiology. Therefore unipolar depression shall be only investigated in this paper. Stated simply, cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that negative cognition distortion of experience underlies depression. This approach shall be analysed in consideration of Aaron Beck (1974) and additions by others, including Teasdale (1988) and Seligman (1975). Seligmans original learned helplessness theory (1975) was based on the experimental examination of two groups of dogs. The experimental group were given unavoidable electric shocks repeatedly, while the control group were given the same shocks but with the option of escaping them. The experimental group demonstrated what Seligman described as learned helplessness. This was characterised by lethargy, sluggishness, and loss of appetite. Seligman theorised that this phenomenon was a result of a perceived lack of control, and he generalised it into a theory of human clinical depression. He proposed that if you expose a person to a stressor and they perceive no control over it, they will respond with learned helplessness. Criticisms of Seligmans theory include: is it really possible to generalise from a sample of one species of animal to humans? And why do some people deal with stressors well and others poorly? Clearly Seligmans theory is inadequate because it fails to explain individual differences. Abramson (1978) revised the learned helplessness theory in an attempt to deal with the individual differences criticism. In order to do this, he introduced attributional styles into the theory. The four basic premises are displayed in Table 1. Expected aversiveness (Expecting that highly aversive outcomes are probable) Expected uncontrollability (Expecting that you will be unable to control situations) Attributional style Internal bad events caused by self rather than external sources Stable the source of a bad event is stable and will therefore happen again Global the repercussions of a bad event are far reaching (Maladaptive, so negative events are attributed to having internal, stable or global characteristics) Severity of symptoms (The more certain an aversive state of affairs is, the greater the resultant cognitive and motivational deficits) Table 1 basic premises of Abramsons (1978) revision of learned helplessness Criticisms of Seligman (1975) and Abramson (1978) tend to centre on the idea that the theory is simply too basic. It needs a richer framework and it needs to explain how structures and processes are organised. Seligman fails to even attempt this, however sis repertoire was within the animal field and not human beings, and the latter are more complex in certain faculties. The previous theories also ignore the consequences of peoples actions and the moral aspects of their thoughts. Seligman sees attributional style as a stable trait. Whilst, clinical observation of depressives shows that attributional style fluctuates with mood state. Studies of non-depressives and recovered depressives show no differences in their attributional style. Additionally, learned helplessness has been shown to be non-predictive. In a longitudinal study, Lewinsohn (1981/1988) found that dysfunctional attitudes/belief sets do not predict depressive symptoms in a 4 month follow up of college students. Therefore stable, maladaptive cognitions were not found to be vulnerability factors, thus contradicting the theory. In other words, learned helplessness is a descriptive account of depression as opposed to an aetiological explanation (Lewinsohn, 1981). Clearly, the aforementioned theories have been insufficient as causal theories of depression. Research has focused uttermost on Becks (1976) cognitive theory of depression. He devised a schema-based model of depression, aiming to provide a coherent account of the beliefs a depressed person expresses about themselves, the future and the world. To outline his model: Previous negative events are encoded in the form of schemas. Beck defined schemas as relatively stable cognitive patterns which form the basis for the regularity of interpretations of a particular set of situations. Becks schemas are latent, i. e. nly activated or influenced by similar events to the ones that defined them. These schemas contain prepositional information (e. g. I am worthless). When focused on three interlocking beliefs in a negative way (the cognitive triad), this causes and maintains depression. The cognitive triad causes negative, automatic thoughts (i. e. depressive thoughts occurring beyond the conscious control of the sufferer) and to systematic or logical errors. Systematic errors are a variet y of errors of reasoning a depressive shows, which serve to perpetuate their depression. Examples include: over-generalisation, which is arbitrarily drawing a conclusion about a wide variety of things on the basis of single events (e. g. I failed my exam so I will fail in everything I do). Arbitrary inference is the drawing of a negative conclusion in the absence of supporting information (e. g. my friend did not want to meet me therefore she hates me). Dichotomous thinking describes thinking in polar opposites. So something is either all good or a total disaster, (e. g. if I fail this year at university I might as well be dead). Effectively, Beck defines the maintenance of depression as an interaction between all these factors causing a vicious cycle. See Figure 1. However, Becks theory has many criticisms. Beck argues that the cognitive triad is a stable trait that depressives develop; yet research shows that attributions fluctuate with mood. Beck sidesteps this problem by saying that the schemas are latent, but this is not an adequate solution. Additionally, Becks schemas are vaguely defined and therefore inadequate and he doesnt state how they are activated. Beck states that Depressogenic schemas are caused by a critical incident, so how do you account for depression that isnt caused by a critical incident? Most importantly, the evidence supporting Becks theory is correlational. So we know there is a strong association between negative thoughts and depression, but there is no evidence that it is causal. Therefore Becks theory is a good description of the cognitive symptoms of depression, but there is no evidence that it is anything more. This leads us to wonder how do cognitive theorists actually explain the aetiology of depression? Teasdales differential activation hypothesis (1988) was an extension of Becks work. He revised Bowers 1981 network theory for prepositional memory and made it into a cognitive theory of depression. The network is made up of links and nodes, each node either being a prepositional item or a depression emotion node termed DEMON. The more related two nodes are, the stronger the link. Past experience is the basis of these links and activation spreads passively through the network according to the strength of each link. A depressive tends to focus on the Demons, strengthening the links to them; thereby creating a viscous cycle that keeps on strengthening the links to the DEMONs. The Teasdale model is certainly a major theory that has stimulated a lot of research. A major strength of Teasdales theory is that it doesnt rely on identifying a critical incident whilst Becks does. This is due to the nature of the nodes and links in the network; therefore less related incidents can still trigger the demon. However, this theory again doesnt attempt to explain the aetiology by definition. Teasdale saw the maintenance of depression as cognitive, but not the cause. On a personal note, this theory seems rather abstract and scientific as a theory of an only too human mood disorder. It makes you wonder exactly how is depression caused according to cognitive theorists? However, cognitive therapy of depression is a rather different story from cognitive aetiology of the mood disorder. It has been widely accepted by the clinical community since it was introduced and cognitive therapy has generally being supported in controlled trials (Dobson, 1989). Cognitive therapy is based on the assertion that individuals can learn to recognise and modify their negative beliefs and maladaptive information processing capabilities, resulting in preventing or alleviating depression. Cognitive therapy has typically proven superior to no treatment or wait-list controls in college students (Shaw, 1977). Cognitive behaviour therapy is an active, directive, time-limited, structured approach . . . based on an underlying theoretical rationale that an individuals affect and behaviour are largely determined by the way in which he structures the world (Beck et al, 1979, p. ) Becks theory is described in a manual (Beck et al. , 1979). It is an individual approach with many individual decisions and therapist choices of techniques. The manual suggests a typical structure for the sequence of sessions. Specific cognitive techniques are used to provide entry points into the patients cognitive organization. The techniques of questioning, of identifying illogica l thinking are employed to help the patient and therapist to understand and modify the patients construction of reality. Findings do appear to provide impressive support for the efficacy of cognitive therapy in the treatment of depression. In 1977 Rush et al found cognitive therapy superior to imipramine pharmacotherapy in an outpatient sample. However, levels of depression actually increased for the pharmacologically treated patients during the 2 weeks before the end of treatment, when the medication was withdrawn. This increase could account for the pharmacotherapys poorer performance at post treatment. Moreover, Hollon et al (1991) suggests that cognitive therapy may prevent symptom return following successful treatment. Patients previously treated with cognitive therapy, either alone or in combination with medication, evidenced a lower rate of symptom return than patients treated with pharmacotherapy only. Rush, Khatami, and Beck (1975) reported the treatment of three patients with chronic depression using a combination of cognitive and behavioural techniques. The cognitive approach was directed at exposing and correcting the patients negative distortions of the activities undertaken. These patients showed rapid and persistent improvement with therapy as reflected by their scores on clinical and self-report measures. The three major cognitive theories in depression have been considered: Seligmans ( Abramsons revised) Learned Helplessness; Becks Cognitive distortion model and Teasdales Differential activation hypothesis. However, there are certain criticisms that apply to these models in general: the experimental samples used were mainly college students; the models are so general that they can apply equally well to anorexics, alcoholics etc and are therefore not very specific to depression. Most of the terms used are vaguely defined, leaving many processes and organisations unexplained. However, cognitive theories of depression generally suggest that mistaken beliefs and maladaptive information processing play a role in the onset and maintenance of depression (Beck, 1976). On the other hand, cognitive therapies based on Becks (1976) model are usually the therapy of choice by practitioners, especially in cases of mild to moderate depression. Therefore although cognitive theory may not be adequate to explain the aetiology of depression it is sufficient as a treatment for depression. Looking to the future, new theories need to take a broader view and begin to model the interaction between biological, environmental, and physiological factors. Although the cognitive idea of aetiology of depression is hazy, the treatment they suggest for the disorder clearly works yet more work needs to be done before cognitive therapy can be regarded as a preventative of depression and supported empirically.

Dancing Diety essays

Dancing Diety essays For a long time I have had a vast interest in a small sculpture located in my parents entryway. This sculpture is a figure with four arms, stands on one leg atop what appears to be a baby, and wears a funny looking headdress of some sort. For years Ive wondered why this little man had four arms, stood in such an uncomfortable-looking fashion, and what meaning he has. Finally, my wonder has turned to insight, as a course I took in college, Art History, has suddenly shown me the light. The first real picture that I saw of this funny little guy, Nataraja, was in our textbook where I learned he is a god adopted by the ancient Indian imperial Cholas. We were then assigned a visit to the Minneapolis Institute of Arts where I had my first look at an original sculpture of the dancing god. The piece is named Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance). It is an archetypal sculpture made in the late tenth century by an unknown artist and was found in a temple near Pondicherry, India. The sculpture my parents have is a cast metal one with a very dull gray luster, about six inches high. You can tell with close examination that this was most likely one of many made from the same cast and sold as a souvenir type item. The one at the museum was quite different as it is made from bronze with a much smoother appearance and stands about twenty-eight inches high. Aligning the nose, naval, and weight bearing foot, the central axis of the figure maintains his center of balance and e quilibrium, while his arms extend asymmetrically to each side. The smaller figure at my parents is much more flat, and looks as if he is struggling to stand on his one leg. The one at the museum is much more three-dimensional, and looks much more relaxed. At first glance of this graceful dancing deity, my first reaction was one of awe. The fact that the piece is very old and is still fully intact is amazing in itself. Also, I didnt think...

The Protestant Reformations Impact on Europes Art, Music, and Research Paper

The Protestant Reformations Impact on Europes Art, Music, and Literature - Research Paper Example This ability to create images that could be envisioned in real space itself led to an explosion of ideas even as these artists were exploring subjects once considered taboo, such as the ancient mythologies of these past civilizations. Artists were able to link the mathematical knowledge to the proportional focus of their own world as a shared knowledge between artists and businessmen. Painters used their foundational knowledge in geometry to create familiar elements in their paintings that would convey their intentions to the greatest possible audience. By melding mathematics and artistic expression, artists discovered how to provide their figures with a new impression of weight and volume that had not been previously achieved. This new ability to provide realism in a painting and other written expression led to even greater explorations into how the world manifested itself, all of which contributed to an explosion of thought, design and implementation that would change the world. En glish Protestant Reformation that started under King Henry VIII, advances in technology that allowed for a greater production and distribution of books and a shift in religious thinking all contributed to a shift in the form and content of the literature of the 1500s and early 1600s.

Impact of capital structure on financial performance of real estate Essay

Impact of capital structure on financial performance of real estate firms listed in Chinese stock exchange - Essay Example ortant to obtain a brief understanding of the theoretical aspects related to the capital structure and its role in the performance of the company, which assisted significantly in the formation of specific research objectives. The next phase, of the research emphasized gathering of necessary data, wherein secondary sources that includes utilising the official website i.e. ‘Shanghai Stock Exchange’ have been utilised to extract data. Subsequently, the related data gathered using the secondary sources were analysed with the assistance of a quantitative approach using the statistical tools i.e. correlation and regression. Finally, an in-depth analysis was conducted based on the collected data to ensure valid and justifiable conclusions based on the obtained findings (Bergh & Ketchen, 2009). Correspondingly, this chapter of the dissertation intends to provide an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of how this research study was carried out through the collection of reliable data and information to derive the ultimate objective of research. The objective of the research study was to determine the impact of organisations’ capital structure over the financial performance of the business. In this regard, the financial performance of the 20 listed real estate companies, in the Chinese stock exchange, was taken into the consideration. In general context, based on the objective of the research, a study can be carried out using positivism, realism, interpretivism, or pragmatism philosophical approaches. However, particularly in order to achieve previously mentioned research aims and objectives, interpretivism philosophy was utilised in this research study. The reason behind using interpretivism philosophy in this particular research study is owing to its advantages in the collection of needful data and information, maintaining high level of reliability, validity, and generalisability of the facts representing the financial position of the companies. Furthermore,

Modernity and Modernism in Literature

Modernity and Modernism in Literature 1.2. Modernity and Modernism The first seeds to modernist literature were implanted with the emergence of modernity. Modernity is a post traditional or post-medieval historical period that characterized a radical shift away from traditions. It is the epoch marking the rise of the age of reason which began with the Enlightenment (About 1687 to 1789). Scientists such as Immanuel Kant, Renà © Descartes and most importantly Isaac Newton believed that through science the world could be saved and that through reason they can establish a foundation of universal truth. Modernity was also brought to light by political leaders such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli who believed that peace could be established with reason resulting major movements such as Capitalism, Industrialism and Urbanization. Post Modernity as a theory evolved around criticizing modernity and what modernity stands for, it criticizes industrialization and the effects that last one had on the peasants in the fields and the workers in factories, and the power capitalists had over the people.(Barret 17-18). In other words, postmodern refers to a time of interfused styles, mixed cultural layers, oddly merging traditions and multi-cultural pluralism. (Bradbury WII) Modernism as described by Barth is a term that describes the modernist movement; it was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. Modernism is often understood through the work of authors who were productive after the turn of the twentieth century. Writers such as T.S Eliot, Ezra Pounds and James Joyce allowed it to be historically and politically understood in their literary works. (Childs 5) 1.2.1 Modernist literature Modern literature is a literature that flourished in the new capitalist art market during a period of time where writers were no longer pointed when it comes to what they write neither by the church nor by monarchies. They also no longer had to answer to the old system of artistic patronage; to the contrary, they signified their allegiance to all what is new. (Hutchens-Suggs 20). The First World War showed artists how ridiculous life could be, Life was not fair to Europeans and continued to be with the Second World War taking the lives of over 50 million person and damaging the understructure of Europe unsling it from what was generally referred to as the Belle Époque . Later on and when the flames of war finally came to end, this period was seen as a period of calm before the storm. (Ara Mergian CNN.com- November 9, 2014 The modernist artistic movement is an intellectual movement that broke aesthetic and social boundaries. It appeared in the early 20th century and aimed to uncover invisible systems and unconscious codes or rules by explaining various phenomena using attractive and coherent style in writing, painting, sculpture and all artistic and creative performances (Barret 22). Modernists referred to themselves as avant-garde, they were rebellious against restrictions, had a futuristic vision and no limitation when challenging social values. 1.2.2 Modernist Aesthetics and Criticism To some, Modernist art is old and even finished, but that isnt completely true since it was once very progressive, bringing a new art for a new age under of the cape of a social and economical revolution that swept over the, new back then, urban and industrial Europe(Barret P 20). One of the most important specifications of modernism was that it abolished the idea of beauty as the ideal of art (Atkins 56). Malcom Brudbury said One of the defining features of modernism has been the breaking down of traditional frontier of matters of literary and cultural concern ( p114). Artists dropped subject matters as essentials and writers changed their presented works as rapidly as the intellectual life was changing. Poets likewise sought to account for the rapid changes. Due to its difficulties, modernist poetry is hard to enjoy having a wider and less comprehensive sense (Marry Warner 1 2) Artists eliminated the need to have an artwork be different from ordinary objects; they made an unofficial statement that beauty has no established scale to be acknowledged. Douglas Crimp (1990) argued that the demise was brought about by the invention of photography which allowed the reproduction of images mechanically including art images stripping away from the artwork its uniqueness. Other critics see that aestitic revolutions of modernism are formed by the expansion of the comprehensive system of globalized world open to outer cultures and regions (Child 31). 1.3 JAMES JOYCE (1882 1941) James Joyce was, and still is, a major figure of modernism. The famous writer was born on the 2nd of February 1882 at 41 Brington Square West in Rathgar and was named James Augustin Joyce after his great grandfather and grandfather (Noris 59). James was born to a Catholic family but he had always been a rebellion, he rebelled against his father who encouraged him into becoming a priest and choose, or might have been destined to, become a literatures crooked genius (Philips 191). He subsequently studied languages and philosophy at Clongowes Wood and Belvedere Colleges. Coming from a middle-class family, James was brilliant; Hildegard Tristman considered him to be A writer who lost his brain to forgetting (Tristman 230). Needless were notebooks, his memory was so good that he could retrieve any information he heard or read at any moment. The name Joyce is derived from the French word joyeux and James was supposed to hold the holly spirit of joy. He mostly referred to himself as James Joyceless,a Joy of Evil and as Joyce in the wilderness (Ellmann 12). Growing-up, James was a well-behaved, slim little boy with a set of blue eyes and a pale face. Doing his Jesuit masters, James didnt feel at ease with their teaching techniques but later on in his life when he was asked by August Suter about what he retained from his years in Jetsuit he replied :I have learned to arrange things in such a way that they become easy to survey and to judge (Ellmann 27).He got from Jesuits his hairy platonic idealism and the grounded Aristotelian realism as the question of his Catholic faith was raised by father Daly who indicated that his religious and spiritual manifestations were mysterious(Philip P4) Joyce was head of his class at Clongowes, his memory was absolute, and he was a good athlete too, playing Rugby and Cricket. The fascinating boy came back home with several cups (P 30). James was keen of music and all sorts of art that he took Piano lessons as well. The family had serious financial problems and that did impel James to move closer to Dublin. John Joyce, James father, sold many properties of his in order to provide a better life for his children. The caring father with a pension of  £132 a year struggled to provide comestible, pay school tuitions for the children and to keep a roof over their heads after moving to The Lionville house at Carysford Avenue, Blackrock. The stress caused by the economical difficulties affected James  starting from his teen-years that some indicated a flair of drama in his personality and thats when he attained a reputation for being spiritual and conscious of everything happening around him. At Belever, Joyce acquired Italian as a third language to go with Latin and French pursuing to read European literature at the expense of his own grades. In 1897 and by love for art and need to help his family, James participated in the Intermediate Examinations and received an exhibition of  £30 a year and  £3 prize for best English composition in his grade in Ireland (P 51). In the fall of 1898 James attended University College, Dublin from wich he graduated in 1902. During this time, Dublin was a town with many important pillars of literature such as William Butler Yeat, Lady Augusta Gregory, James Clarence and George Moore walking its street. James was influenced by all these writers especially Yeats whom he met privately in early October 1902 on the streets of Dublin and had a deepened conversation with. That strongly showed on his statement of method and intention and the way in which he strongly defended all what is temporary and modern. On April 1900 Ibsens New Drama by James A Joyce was published on the Fortnightly Review and after that, James was no longer an Irishman, he was European. Graduating from U.C Dublin, James main focus was to travel; his targeted city was Paris were he didnt reside easily. At that time, his fame and readership were not  particularly widespread (Goldman 84). To stay there was a pointless move so, so he went home for Christmas and then decided to stay when he knew of his mothers health issues. His mother died on August 13th, 1903. After this tragedy, Joyce focused more on making reviews for the Irish Homestead magazine and during this time he met Nora Barnacle and the two moved to Pola in late 1094 where he occupied a teaching position at Berlitz school. The next few years were difficult for James who suffered from financial problems and a major drinking problem too. After that he became disconnected from the people around him. Eventually Joyce, Nora and their child settled into a new life in Paris where he finally was able publish Ulysses but continued to have problems, this time health problems especially with his sightedness (Ellman 2 25-229). Difficulties continued to cross Johns path as his relationship with publishing houses delayed Dubliners from emerging for a decade. Better days were yet to come as he gained an award from the Royal Literary Found in 1915 followed with the publication of A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man in 1916. His work as a whole, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake predominately served to change the face of novels; they represented a playful mixture of English and other languages and novels completely free from the limitations of normal consciousness. James was a relentlessly autobiographical writer, a man who never doubted himself and in August 1929 his self-esteem extended even more as he was praised by George Moore who wrote to John Elton, He (Joyce) was distinguished,  courteous, respectful, and I was the same. During their short encounter in London Moore said, I have been only a revolutionary, while you have been a heroic revolutionary, for you had no money (Ellman 617). On January 1935, James moved along with his entourage back to Paris. He didnt feel as blind as Homer, nor as exiled as Dante having as many friends as he did. They moved again to southern France but eventually settled again in Zurich. On January 9th 1941 James was hospitalized, the doctor assured him that he didnt have cancer and that he needed an immediate surgery which George, his father offered to pay for saying well manage Somehow or other (Welcker 53). The surgery was successful as he recovered consciousness but at one Oclock in the morning he relapsed into coma. At 2:15 on January 13,1941, one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century died leaving behind a considerable amount of scholarly interesting works(Cope, Cope 2). 1.4 DUBLINERS James Joyces Dubliners is a collection of stories that aims to portray middle class life in Dublin, Ireland in the early twentieth century. It is a set of 15 short stories published in 1914 where Joyce made to appear the literary portrait of an entire society glimpsing into the lives of different social classes and exploring what it means to be Irish (Joyce VI). Moments of sudden insights arise frequently throughout Dubliners, it have been described and analyzed by critics as a series of fifteen epiphanies coupled with frustrating and enlighten characters with significant and illuminating experiences that are trapped in a city where nothing ever changes. Dubliners stories spotted the paralysis in the Irish society and how helpless in their daily life those individuals are; thanks to Joyce artistic vision which simplified the image of Dublin. (Carter Mc Raf 165) Nothing would explain Joyces purpose in writing Dubliners more than his own words: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because the city seemed to me the centre of the paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness and with the conviction that he is a very bold man who dares to alter in the presentment, still more to deform, whatever he has seen and heard. (Gillie 94) 1.4.1 Epiphany in Jamess Dubliners An epiphany is: 1_an illuminating realization or discovery, often resulting in a personal feeling of elation, awe, or wonder; its a state of Nirvana, a complete cessation of suffering, and a blissfull state attained through realization of sunyata, simply an enlightened and heightened experience. 2_ a Christian feast celebrated on the 7th of January (Oxford 127) Epiphany in James dictionary is a religious term that refers to the revelation of the infant Jesus to the Magi in the season of time of the Christian church year; he considered it to be a structural device. (Cope-Cope 4) The stories of Dubliners are distinctive to the reader by the sudden insight about the plot and characters who are kept from seeing who they really are. At the first look, the reader might think that the characters, those Dubliners, are taking their journey in a rhythmic way, he might think, hope them to achieve the expectable, but suddenly, a dramatic alternation occurs. Father Flin and Eveline are probably the best examples to this. Father Flin ended up as a spiritually crippled man Unable to cope with his life choices; Eveline was too afraid to escape her miserable life that she missed the opportunity to start over in a new country with the man she loved. James takes us into deep Dublin, showing us versions of citizens who happened to have a bleared vision of their city, families, and of themselves. The last story of the fifteen stories collection The Dead represents both the synthesis and climax of Dubliners. The story took place on January sixth, which is the Christian feast of epiphany, at Kate and Julia Morkans house. This story focuses on Gabriel Conroy from beginning to end throughout his encounter with the party gests who, one by one, ended up revealing his weakness; even his short encounter with the made Lilly turned in to a revealing scene of his lack of sympathy. 1.4.2 The Dead The Dead is one of the finest short stories in English literature. Written by James Joyce, it is known as the most famous and emotionally affecting story of his collection of fifteen stories Dubliners. The story was a late addition long enough to be a novella. The Dead includes much believable dialogue and had a more positive tone and is often referred to as an exception to the generalization made about Dubliners. The Dead also anticipates Joyces move away From the short story and toward the novel, Joyce wrote no other short story after it He had it substantially completed by the 6th of September 1916. This story serves as a final chorus of the book presenting holiday life, the celebrating of Christmas. The Dead is in a way a story of the dead people ghosts who return in envy of the living. (Kelleher 414) The Dead is a fitting conclusion to the stories collected in Dubliners; it could be seen as another capacity within the Joycean oeuvre, James let Symbolism flow freely throughout his short story and utilizes his main characters and objects to impress upon his readers and show them the real crippled condition of the Dublin he saw and the Dublin that negated him. Critical Reception of The Dead The nineteenth-century novel explored the external world, whereas the modern novel has dedicated itself to the inner world of the human consciousness (Fletcher 246) The modern epoch has found in critical reception both a mirror with which it could examine the many vices and perversions that define it and an obscure tapestry of almost fundamentalist punishments that are entirely alien to it. The twentieth century novelist James Joyce is a vivid example of modern writers who managed to not only engage with the world but to reform it as well. The tradition bound culture has a dangerous capacity for stifling rather than nourishing the life instinct. Like most of his contemporary writers, Joyces story in The Dead anticipates the traumatic moment of self-discovery by a series of images that convey the protagonists unacknowledged estrangement from nature (Sullivan P4) Writers make images vivid in any number of ways, James imagination was trained to be a compiler of aspects. The Deads scenes take place at night, when things arent usually so clear (Phillips 198) Ghosts are present in the character of Michael Furey who was in love with Gretta and died in Galway, Gabriel knew that, and all over the sudden perceived the tormenting truth; he has always had a competitor who had been capable of greater love than he could ever be. 2.1 Psychoanalytic Theory in The Dead Psychoanalysis is to be understood in its wider meaning to include all psycho-dynamic theories and therapies, regardless as to whether they emanate from Freud or Jung or elsewhere. Although the Freudian professional organizations regard the term psychoanalysis as one which refers solely to their own theory and practices, and although the Jungians and Adlerians call themselves analytical and individual psychologists respectively in the hope of differentiating themselves from the Freudians, these distinctions have never caught on even among the well-informed laity, which has always been more impressed by the similarities of the schools than by their differences (Rycroft 08) Freudian. Psychoanalytic theory is basically historical; it treats learning as cumulative, so that early experiences influence later experiences. 2.2 The Irish case The general history of a nation may fitly preface the personal memoranda of a solitary captive ( John Mitchel, Jail Journal. Dublin 1918). The Irish Question is a phrase used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence. It encompasses issues such as religion, the Irish-British politics and land ownership (Amato Demi Petrone P3). The 20th century marked the end of the British colonial project in Ireland leaving the country with an outdated agricultural system and a weak industrial economy. The English informal  colonization created a nation that is neither native Irish nor wholly British. (Duke 18) The Irish are descended from the Celtic people who originally inhabited the Island and who are old Catholics, while the English descended minorities were protestant. A sense of belonging and national solidarity arises among the natives and this resulted into a typical of national consciousness about the imperial ascendency the British Empire had on Ireland. In 1536, Henry VIII decided to conquer Ireland and he was proclaimed King of Ireland in 1541. The Irish Catholics rebelled against the British crown and ruled over Ireland (1642-1649) until Oliver Cromwel, the English military and political leader, the man known as the protector of England, re-conquered Ireland in1653 and ruled over it with the Kings blessing. (Amado Demi Petrone P5 6). Therefore, in the course of the century there were several movements reclaiming Britain to return the Irish lands its real possessors and France offered military help. The English Prime Minister Pitt was frightened by the idea of having the Irish lands uses as a structural military base against the English soil and persuaded the Irish Parliament to agree to its own abolition. In the course of centuries Ireland witnessed ups and downs in its relation with the British crown starting from The Union with Britain (1801-1912) to the Home Rule Bill of 1912 which was suspended for the war. In 1920 English Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act establishing separate domestic legislatures for the north and south and in1949 Ireland finally broke the link with Britain Commonwealth and became an independent republic (Ibid 17). Modern Ireland and from the early 1970 faced many challenges that were mainly related to religion. The Catholics did not feel safe in Ireland; forming The Civil Rights Association they were attacked by Protestants in 1968 and 1969. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) got involved right after the RUC failed to stop the anarchy. The IRA troops split into two wings: The officials whose first duty was to establish peace; and The Provisional who declared war on Britain; that last one responded by taking over Northern Ireland in 1972. IRA replied by bombing Westminster Hall and London; assassinating Lord Mountbatten and MP Airey Neave in 1979 and attempting to blow the Grand Hotel while Mr. Thatcher is a denizen of it. In 1985 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, both sides agreed to collaborate and work together fighting terrorism establishing a new, and hopefully, a lasting peaceful state of coexistence. 1.2.1 Emigration, Exile and contemporary Ireland There is the personal element in exile, an element that muffles and beclouds the works effects, the insistent self-dramatizations as another factor, a major one. (Peter 627) The Irish society like any other society had many great problems that dwelt deeply in everyday life. Unemployment and poverty reached their peak in the late interwar period. The failure of the potato crop in the mid 1840 effected several areas leaving behind according to Sir William Wild; the father of the well-known emigrant Oscar a poor, weak, old, lame, sick, blind, dumb, imbecile and insane population (Fitzpatrick I). The Irish emigration from the Irish lands had everything to do with the potato famine economy and the exploitation of labor in the fields. By the 1900s Northern Ireland was suffering from stagnation, its population was overwhelmed by famine, immigration, hopelessness, paralysis in all forms. Alcohol was another massive problem according to Larry Harrison who stated that North Irish study group contained a significantly higher proportion of heavy drinkers and thats why the Irish man was and still widely known and stereotyped as a heavy consumer of alcoholic drinks.(P 59) The disoriented Anglo-Irishry of after 1922 aimed to reconstruct the consciousness of nineteenth-century Irish people who felt as if all their dreams and life goals are thrown in the deep St George channel. For the majority f the Irish middle class, being abroad was a common thing, they traveled to all parts of Europe but Britain was often their first destination. Emigration as a concept must include the middle-class or petit bourgeois (Foster P 283) who found in places such as London the solid soil and deep settled state they needed to form a literary career. Britain was, and everyone agreed, a Modernist wonderland. 1.2.2 Who is Gabriel Conroy? It has often been pointed that James self-consciousness was found and showed over years of writing various and confusing fictional phenomenon we call the novel today. The Edwardian Irishman promoted the movement of  «Imagism » as a new rhythmic practice which employ the language of common speech and have complete freedom in subject matter. Joyce took his style to a new and highly experimental level by inventing, dreaming and creating new characters so that he would ultimately get modern and unique plots. Gabriel Conroy is one of his most controversial Characters ever; a man that represents a variety well known and present in the Irish society. (Gillie 90) Gabriel Conroy is the main character in Joyces short story The Dead. The man has the portray of an educated intellectual Irish gentleman but when looking beyond and analyzing the events of the night we notice that he is nothing more than a privileged brat with very low self-esteem and tremulous self-respect. The man had a fatuous self-righteousness that was present as a result to the imaginatively records of Joyces literary and dramatic revision of themes and context. ( Shelly Jr 134) 2.2.4 Paralysis in The Dead For it is well known that one of the oldest and most persistent clichà ©s of Joycean criticism has been to associate the Dublin of Joyces oeuvre with the one inhabited by his Dubliners. Garry Leonard voiced reservations as to the implications made by James and asked a very accurate Question: If Dublin is the center of paralysis, what is the periphery? (Leonard P320)